PARTS 3 & 4 SPEECH ORGANIZATION

1. PARTS 3 & 4SPEECH ORGANIZATION

2. Selecting a topic • Subject - a broad area of knowledge • Topic- some specific aspect of a subject

3. Identifying subjects • What a subject areas are important to you? • What subject areas you know something about? • Setting the location and occasion for a speech • General goal- type of speech • Specific goal- a complete sentence that specifies the exact response you want from the audience. • Thesis Statement- a sentence that outline the specific elements of the speech that support your goal.

4. Organization Patterns • Topic Order- Organizing the main points of the speech by categories or divisions of a subject. • Time/chronological Order – organizing main pts, as a sequence of ideas or events, focusing on what comes first, second, third. • Space Order – Organizing main pts. By following a spatial or geographic progression. • Narrative Pattern- speech is arranged to tell a story • Circular pattern- one idea leads to the next

5. Organization Patterns • Logical reasons order – organizing main pts. With statements that indicate why the audience should believe something or behave in a particular way. • Cause & effect pattern- Shows cause-effect relationships • Problem-Solution- show the nature of the problem & justifies proposed solution

6. Goal of an Introduction • get attention • set off the tone of a speech • create a bond of goodwill • establish credibility • lead into content of speech

7. Types of introductions • startling statement • rhetorical questions • story • personal references • quote • suspense

8. Types of conclusions • Summary • Stories • Appeal to action- describes behaviors you want your listeners to follow. • Emotional impact

9. Gathering Ideas and Materials Common Organizational Problems • Taking Too Long to Get to the Point • Including Irrelevant Material • Leaving Out Necessary Information • Getting Ideas Mixed Up

10. Gathering Ideas and Materials Sample Outline for an Effective Presentation I. Introduction A. Attention getter B. Thesis II. Body A. B. (no more than five main points) C. Etc. III. Conclusion A. Review B. Closing statement

11. Organizing the Body • Identify Main Points and Subpoints • Choose the Best Organizational Pattern • Chronological • Spatial • Topical • Cause-Effect • Problem-Solution

12. Organizing the Body Figure 11-2: A logic tree illustrates the relationship between the thesis, main points, and subpoints.

13. Organizing the Body Rules for Main Points • Main Points Should be Stated as Claims • All Points Should Develop the Thesis • A Presentation Should Contain No More than Five Main Points • Each Main Point Should Contain Only One Idea • Main Points Should be Parallel in Structure Whenever Possible

14. Planning the Introduction Functions of the Introduction • Capture the Listener’s Attention • Give Your Audience a Reason to Listen • Set the Proper Tone for the Topic and Setting • Establish Your Qualifications • Introduce Your Thesis and Preview Your Presentation

15. Planning the Introduction Types of Opening Statements • Ask a Question • Tell a Story • Present a Quotation • Make a Startling Statement • Refer to the Audience • Refer to the Occasion • Use Humor

16. Planning the Conclusion Functions of the Conclusion • The Review • The Closing Statement

17. Planning the Conclusion Types of Closing Statements • Return to the Theme of Your Opening Statement • Appeal for Action • End with a Challenge

18. Adding Transitions Functions of Transitions • They Promote Clarity • They Emphasize Important Ideas • They Keep Listeners Interested

19. Adding Transitions Characteristics of Effective Transitions • They Refer to Both Preceding and Upcoming Ideas • A Bridge to Get Listeners From One Point to Another

20. Using Language • Use specific language • Concrete & precise • Provide details & examples • Be sensitive to cultural differences • Use Repetition

21. Speaking Vividly & Emphatically • Vivid Language- Language that is full of life, bright, intense • Simile- A direct comparison of dissimilar things using like or as • Metaphor- a comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects • Personification-The attribution of human qualities to in animate things or ideas

22. Drama • Omission- Leave out a word or phrase that the audience expects to hear. • “I came, I saw, I conquered.” Julius Caesar

23. Inversion- Reverse the normal word order of a phrase or sentence. • “This much we pledge…” JFK • Suspension-Place the key word or phrase at the end of the sentence. • “ Things go better with coke (vs.) Coke goes better with everything”.

24. Cadence • Parallelism- Occurs when two or more clauses or sentences have the same grammatical pattern. • “We will walk on our feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds.” • Emerson • “I came, I saw, I conquered.” Julius Caesar • (number your points)

25. Antithesis- A sentence that has two parts with parallel structure but contrasting meaning. • “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”. • JFK

26. Repetition • (Anaphora- repeats a word or phrase— • “Blessed are the poor… , blessed are the meek…, blessed are the peacemakers…”) • Alliteration- The repetition of a consonant sound several times in a phrase. • (“Down with dope, up with hope” J. Jackson)