BTY100-Lec 2.4

1. BTY100-Lec 2.4 Bioprinting Created By: Mamta Sharma

2. Outline Introduction to Bioprinting Origin of Bioprinting Process Outline Explaining the Future Printing Tools Where are we? What lies ahead?

3. Bioprinting • Bio-printing constructs 3D artificial tissues by computer devices. Bioprinters can print complex 3D structures with the combinations of “bioink” and “biopaper.” • Today, bio-printing is still at development stage and is used as scientific tools. It is expected to be used for creating replacement organs and human tissues from raw biological materials.

4. Origin • Disparity between the demand for organ transplantation and the number of available organs has long been realized. • This needs have led to the emergence and evolution of tissue engineering. But this approach has met with little success.  • Bioprinting offers a new and innovative approach with the ultimate goal of building living tissues and organs capable of successful transplantation into the body and functionality similar to native tissue.

5. Moving Beyond 2D Cell Culture • Tissue engineering has been a promising field of research, offering hope for bridging the gap between organ shortage and transplantation needs. However, building 3D vascularized organs remain the main technological barrier to overcome. • Organ Printing, which is defined as computer aided additive biofabrication of 3D cellular tissue constructs, has shed light on advancing this filed into a new era.

6. Fiction Meets Reality

7. Bioprinter • Organovo has made the first commercially used bioprinter, called NovoGen MMX bioprinter. The printer has two robotic print heads. One places human cells and the other places a hydrogel, scaffold, or other type of support. • The printer allows multiple cell types and components to be used for printing. Stem cells are also used in Bioprinting.

8. Conceptual Bioprinter

14. Step 1 - Pre-processing • Prior to building any structure a blueprint is developed. • Imaging modalities such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computerized Tomography (CT) scans offer a noninvasive approach to image capture. • Mathematical and computational technologies in combination to one's knowledge of the human anatomy can lead to the development of accurate and detailed models through computer simulation.

16. Step 2- Processing • Actual printing and solidification of the organ is done. • Layer-by-layer placement of natural materials (cells or aggregates) can be achieved using a bioprinter. • The bioink is prepared, resulting in bioink droplets containing a single cell or cell aggregates, and loaded into a biocartridge.

17. The bioink is sent through a syringe-like nozzle and deposited onto the biopaper in a controlled manner. • The precise placement of the cells is directed by blueprint or model, producing desired cell patterns and/or constructs. • In addition, each layer of cells may be separated by a thin layer of biomimetic hydrogel that enable the resulting 3D tissue structure after the gel layer relaxes and tissue fusion occurs.

19. Step 3 - Post-processing • Realistically, printed tissue constructs should grow and develop in a wet environment, similar to native conditions. • To achieve this state, perfusion devices such as a bioreactor are needed that enable cell survival. • The printed tissue construct should ideally rapidly self-assemble, mature and differentiate to the desired functional organ.

20. It is at this step that the developing organ be subjected to chemical and biomechanical conditioning for proper development and accelerated tissue maturation according to specially defined parameters (i.e. perfusion media and regime). • The growth and maturation of the organ should be monitored non-invasively to ensure successful development.

26. Future Use and Technology • It could be utilized to create entire living organs such as heart, liver and kidneys. • Creation of functional human beings, which can be printed on demand and reach maturity in few weeks. • Newly developed drugs can be tested out on manufactured cells than on animals and humans. It will lead to a huge reduction in cost and time.   • Situ bio printing works by imprinting cells directly onto human body.

27. Replace human tissue by full body transplant • Allows scientists to eliminate the wait list of organ transplants   • Higher survival rate of printed cells • Offers high precise resolution

28. Barriers to Adoption • Bio-printing conflicts with moralities and cultural and religious beliefs. • Bio-printing will increase life span of people on resource- limited planet earth •  Increase in world population. •  “Fountain of Youth”, people will not grow older and die naturally.

29. Challenges • The replacement of molecules or cells within the reconstructed organ is not sure about whether they can fit into a human body as functional tissue. • Large-scale construction increases the complexity associated with transplantation. • Printing capabilities of complicated tissues. • The necessary specifications required for given printing construction (for therapy design, need to be precise and specific)

31. References • http://bme240.eng.uci.edu/students/08s/velascok/index.html • http://www.academia.edu/3107094/Bioprinting_towards_Organ_Fabrication_Challenges_and_Future_Trends • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3534918/pdf/nihms417697.pdf • http://bioprinter.blogspot.in/ • http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/3d-bioprinting-becoming-economically-feasible • http://www.teal.u-bordeaux2.fr/what-is-bioprinting/roadmap/limitations-of-traditional-tissue.html • http://www.deskeng.com/de/3d-bioprinting-moving-beyond-2d-cell-culture/ • http://www.webpronews.com/the-amazing-history-and-future-of-bioprinting-infographic-2012-07

32. Next Class: