WHII.04: European Age of Discovery

1. WHII.04: European Age of Discovery

2. Hemispheres United

3. Chinese Exploration

4. Ming Dynasty • Emperor Yongle commissioned explorer Zheng He (a Chinese and Muslim) to explore • Voyages – from China to Southeast Asia, India, the Red Sea and east Africa • Purpose = reassert China’s power after the decline of Yuan Dynasty. China considered itself “the Middle Kingdom” and the center of the world • After emperor Yongles death the dynasty decided to stop voyages • This decision reflects China’s view on foreigners • Distrust (Mongols- foreigners that took control in past) and the belief that they were the center of the world and not in need of goods from other nations

5. 1371-1435 Admiral Zheng He • Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! Shows the difference between Chinese Junk ships, which faired better in the sea, and that of the agile caravel ships used by Europeans to navigate

6. Zheng He’s Voyages • In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

7. Europeans Explore the East

8. Why Explore? • 4 G’s • God- spread Christianity • Gold- desire for wealth • Glory- return famous, recognition • Ground- more land = power

9. Causes of European Exploration • the desire for wealth was the main reason for European • exploration (GOLD) • the desire to spread Christianityalso fueled European • exploration (GOD) • political and economic competition with other European • empires (GLORY) 4. advances in technologymade the voyages of discovery possible a. the caravel – ships that used the triangular lateen sails and square sales to pick up andsail against the wind b. astrolabe– used to tell how far north or south of the equator a ship was c. compass – Chinese invention to track directions

10. Early Explorations, 1400’s

11. Technology

12. New Weapons Technology

13. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

14. Technology • Astrolabe – “star-taker” used to navigate and determine the position of the stars, moon, sun and planets • Mariners compass – measures directions in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the surface of the earth. Magnetic compass interacts with the earth’s magnetic field. • Maps – improvements in map making and accuracy • 4. Sextant - an instrument used to measure the angle between any two visible objects. Its primary use is to determine the angle between a celestial object and the horizon which is known as the object's altitude

15. Wealth

16. Portugal Leads the Way 1. Prince Henry – founded a navigation school on the southwestern coast of Portugal 2. Bartolomeu Dias – discovered the Cape of Good Hope (the southern tip of Africa) 3. Vasco da Gama – discovered first water route to Asia

17. Portuguese

18. Bartholomeu Dias

19. Vasco da Gama

20. Spanish Claims 1. Christopher Columbus a. Italian navigator who believed he could reach India by sailing into the Atlantic b. landed in San Salvador convinced he made it to India • Ferdinand Magellan – his voyage was the first to circumnavigate • the planet 3. Hernando Cortez – conquered the Aztecs in central Mexico a. the Spanish forced the Aztecs to mine gold and silver for them, the Aztec 4. Francisco Pizzaro – conquered the Incas in South America

21. Christopher Columbus

22. Columbus’ Four Voyages

23. Other Voyages of Exploration

24. Ferdinand Magellan

25. Hernan Cortes

26. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

27. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

28. Francisco Pizarro

29. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa (ah-tah-wahl-pah)

30. Rivalry between Spain and Portugal a. Line of Demarcation – line that divided the world between Spain (to the west of the line) and Portugal (to the east of the line) b. Treaty of Tordesillas– the line was moved so that Portugal got Brazil • agreed to honor the line

31. Treaty of Tordesillas

32. France 1. Jacques Cartier a. 1534 – searched for a way to Asia through America b. sailed up the St. Lawrence River and established a colony at present day Montreal 2. Samuel de Champlain(1608) – founded Quebec, the first permanent Frenchsettlement in North America settlement in North America

33. Jacques Cartier

34. Samuel de Champlain

35. England 1. Sir Francis Drake a. Dec. 1577 – set out to raid Spanish holdings on the Pacific Coast of the Americas • serious overseas expansion did not begin until the founding of • the English East India Company • 1607- Jamestown was established, the first English settlement • in North America • 1620 – Pilgrimsestablished Plymouth in present-day • Massachusetts for religious reasons • had no desire to convert the Native Americans, just wanted • their land • established huge plantations in the southern areas, worked by • slave labor

36. Sir Francis Drake

37. Jamestown

38. Pilgrims

39. The Migration of Colonists • After establishing colonies, the colonists explored their new surroundings and began settling in new areas • 2. As the colonists expanded, they carried their faith* with them and began converting the Native Americans • The Spanish established Catholic missions throughout their land • Priests spoke out against the cruel treatment of the natives, but felt free to break* the old religious relics the natives had

40. Colonial Organization 1.) Colonial Latin America 2.) Colonial North America

41. 1.) Latin America a. Politically organized into Viceroyalties • Viceroys = the Kings representatives in the new world • Because of distance – operated independently

42. b. Agricultural plantations and silver mines created 1. required a large numbers of workers 2. Encomienda System – forced labor of native Amerindians in return for conversion to Christianity and shelter/food 3. based off of Incan (Peru) Mit’a system where Amerindians had to work for Spanish masters 2 to 4 months out of the year

44. 4. Many Amerindians died due to European diseases or from labor and colonies needed a more stable work force a. imported Slaves from Africa 5. Rigid social class systems developed a. Amerindians were viewed as subjects b. few women traveled to the Americas so men began taking native wives

45. Peninsulares

47. Latin America Colonial Society Peninsulares- men who were born in Spain hold high offices in Government 0.1% Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America rise in the ranks of army 22.8% Mestizos- those with European and native American ancestory Mulattos- person mixed European and African ancestry 7.6% Indians 55.8 % had little or no freedom and worked in estates or in mines

48. 2.) North America a. Politically organized into colonies, all exports going to the mother country 1. English and Dutch – funded by joint-stock companies (i.e. The Virginia Company) i. charters – gave colonist rights and responsibilities ii. Governments had more independence than that of Latin American (directly financed by the King) 2. Colonial English governments had assemblies and colonists began to believe that they should share the governing power with the king (no powerful viceroys)

49. b. Social class system 1. less rigid – based on ethnicity 2. colonies developed separately, at different times and were comprised of people from the mothercountry i. many families traveled over therefore lessintermarriage than Latin American colonies c. Labor systems develop 1. indentured servitude – bound by a contract (ethnically same as free settler) i. Passage in exchange for years of service 2. Slave labor (from Africa) i. Plantations (south) – large amount of workers to sustain cash crops ii. Not practical for small farms in North

50. The Great Circuit and the Atlantic Economy