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PSYCHOLOGY:

PSYCHOLOGY:. PERSONALITY DEFINED. Personality is the consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person. Personality traits are characteristic behaviors and feelings that are consistent and long lasting.

jessenia-kianoush
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PSYCHOLOGY:

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  1. PSYCHOLOGY:

  2. PERSONALITY DEFINED Personality is the consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person Personality traits are characteristic behaviors and feelings that are consistent and long lasting Personality States are temporary patterns of behavior and feelings that may arise in a specific situation

  3. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES • Emphasize the unconscious (part of the mind that contains material we are unaware of but that strongly influences behavior) • Unconscious feelings as children = impact adulthood • Main ideas developed by Sigmund Freud

  4. FREUD’S ID, EGO, SUPEREGO Freud used the Id, Ego, and Superego to try to explain how the mind functions and personality is shaped

  5. Id • instinctual & biological urges • lustful, impulsive, fun – pleasure principle • completely unconscious • Seeks immediate gratification of impulses (what feels good) • Ignores consequences Following the pleasure principle (ID) leads to conflict with others (parents) and results in the development of the EGO in the 2nd and 3rd year of life.

  6. Ego • Rational & thoughtful • Based on the reality principle, the awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accommodate the demands of the real world.

  7. Superego • Responsible for society’s rules of behavior (moral standards). Feels guilty if rules are disobeyed. • Based on morality principle, must follow moral standards and rules and breaking them causes guilt.

  8. ID – What you WANT TO DO EGO – What you CAN DO SUPEREGO – What you SHOULD DO ID & SUPEREGO are frequently in conflict. Ego must satisfy both. Rather than feel conflict or frustration when the ID’s desires & SUPEREGO’s rules cannot be satisfied, humans distort reality using DEFENSE MECHANISMS

  9. Freud’s techniques for exploring the Unconscious • Freud believed that information in the unconscious emerges in slips of the tongue, jokes, dreams, illness symptoms, etc. These are called Freudian Slips. • Dream interpretation, or analyzing dreams • Psychoanalysis

  10. Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development Freud believed that all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges. In learning to control these impulses, children acquire their personality. Freud divided this development into stages.

  11. FREUD’S LEGACY • 1ST Person to propose unified theory to understand and explain human behavior • No theory more complete, complex, or controversial • Some criticize his theory for being impossible to test • Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the predecessor of all later personality theories

  12. IN FREUD’S FOOTSTEPS…. OTHER PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES Carl Jung • Freud’s personal successor before relationship ended because Jung disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on sexual urges • TheCollective unconscious (part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people) holds Archetypes (an inherited idea based on experiences of one’s ancestors, which shapes one’s personality) • Jung believed we fit our personalities to our Archetypes

  13. ALFRED ADLER • Believed people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority • Inferiority Complex – when a person continually tries to compensate for his weakness and avoid feelings of inadequacy • Believed in people’s drive for perfection.

  14. Adler: a single "drive" or motivating force lies behind all our behavior and experience. • Adler: called that motivating force the striving for perfection. • Striving for perfection: the desire we all have to fulfill our potentials, to come closer and closer to our ideal. • Striving for perfection: similar to the more popular idea of self-actualization

  15. CARL ROGERS • Two sides to each person (What they value and what they believe others value in them) • Self – one’s image of oneself (who they are) developed through interaction with others • Everyone wants Positive regard – viewing oneself in favorable light due to supportive feedback from others • People may reject parts of their person if they don’t receive positive regard • The self and the person are often different but accepting your person results in becoming a fully functioning individual

  16. TRAIT THEORIES • Try to explain consistency and normal, healthy behavior in different situations • Trait - relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way • Traits apply to all people. • Can quantify traits (scale 1-10 how nice are you)

  17. BIG FIVE TRAIT THEORY Current popular belief; all personality traits derive from five basic personality traits EXTRAVERSION AGREEABLENESS CONSCIENTIOUSNESS OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE NEUROTICISM

  18. O C E A N penness xtraversion euroticism greeableness onscientiousness

  19. How/When do personality traits change? • Longitudinal studies show that… • Many consistencies in traits between ages 3 and 18 • Major changes to emotional traits during adolescence • Between 20 & 30 – become less emotional, less likely to seek thrills….. More mature • Most changes to personality occur before age 30

  20. PERSONALITY TESTS – WHY? Personality Tests ASSESS an individual’s CHARACTERISTICS and IDENTIFY PROBLEMS. They can help PREDICT future behavior.

  21. OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS A limited- or –forced choice test in which a person must select on of several answers MMPI-2 – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) – • Most widely used objective test • 567 questions divided into groups. People answer true, false, cannot say. • Originally to help diagnose mental disorders MBTI - Myers-Briggs Test – • Rate personality on four scales • Extraversion vs. Introversion • Intuition vs. Sensing • Feeling vs. Thinking • Judging vs. Perceiving

  22. PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS Require subjects to respond to pictures and phrases that can be interpreted in many different ways. Rorschach Test – series of ten inkblots that subjects look at and determine what they see. Most widely used. What do you see in this picture? (TAT) Thematic Apperception Test – series of pictures containing a variety of vague but suggestive scenes. 2nd most widely used

  23. RELIABILITY vs. VALIDITY Reliability: Test consistency; its ability to yield the same result under a variety of similar circumstances. Validity: Test measures what it is intended to measure.

  24. How/When do personality traits change? • Longitudinal studies show that… • Many consistencies in traits between ages 3 and 18 • Major changes to emotional traits during adolescence • Between 20 & 30 – become less emotional, less likely to seek thrills….. More mature • Most changes to personality occur before age 30

  25. PERSONALITY TESTS – WHY? Personality Tests ASSESS an individual’s CHARACTERISTICS and IDENTIFY PROBLEMS. They can help PREDICT future behavior.

  26. OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS A limited- or –forced choice test in which a person must select on of several answers MMPI-2 – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) – • Most widely used objective test • 567 questions divided into groups. People answer true, false, cannot say. • Originally to help diagnose mental disorders MBTI - Myers-Briggs Test – • Rate personality on four scales • Extraversion vs. Introversion • Intuition vs. Sensing • Feeling vs. Thinking • Judging vs. Perceiving

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