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Psychology 256

Psychology 256. Introduction to Brain and Behavior Dr. Hakan. What is the Brain?. Billions of nerve cells. What is the Brain?. Thousands of connections where one neuron may interact (communicate) with other neurons. As many as 10,000 connections. 40+ neurochemicals ( neurotransmitters).

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Psychology 256

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  1. Psychology 256 Introduction to Brain and Behavior Dr. Hakan

  2. What is the Brain? • Billions of nerve cells

  3. What is the Brain? • Thousands of connections where one neuron may interact (communicate) with other neurons. As many as 10,000 connections 40+ neurochemicals ( neurotransmitters)

  4. Why Study the Brain? • Sensation • Motion • Internal Regulation • Reproduction • Adaptation • EVERYTHING WE DO!

  5. Overarching Principles of Brain function • Hierarchically organized • Redundant control • Inhibition • Automaticity • Conscious vs Unconscious processes

  6. The Scientific Method • Empiricism • Objectivity • Measurement and testing • replication

  7. NUTS AND BOLTS to get started

  8. Planes of orientation

  9. Confusing terms (Particularly where the CNS makes its’ 90 degree bend) • Anterior-Posterior/Rostral-Caudal • Dorsal-ventral/ Superior-inferior

  10. Dorsal fins

  11. The basic unit of the nervous system

  12. Myelin gives a whitish appearance because its adipose content Shwann cells myelinate the PNS

  13. Oligodendrocytes myelinate the CNS

  14. White matter and gray matter reflect organization

  15. Staining for myelin in the brain coronal section

  16. Myelin Staining in the Spinal cord Dorsal Horizontal plane ventral

  17. Organizational schemes always have shortcomings:The PNS can not be truly separated from the CNS

  18. To consider the PNS we first must consider the spinal cordThe vertebral column

  19. Each vertebra houses a spinal cord segment Midsaggital view

  20. Each segment is similar: Central gray and surrounding white matter

  21. Central gray:Dorsal = sensoryVentral = motor

  22. Each segment gives rise to nerve pairs: i.e. The PNS

  23. 31 peripheral nerve pairs

  24. Each nerve pair contains thousands of incoming and outgoing axons

  25. The PNS:All neural tissue outside of the cranium and vertebral column ( with one exception)

  26. Major divisions of the PNS

  27. motor output to skeletal muscles

  28. And somatosensory input

  29. The somatic division of the PNS gives rise to segmental organiztion: Dermatomes and myotomes

  30. The autonomic division

  31. The other subdivision of the PNS-the ANS

  32. The sympathetic chain

  33. Sympathetic activation may be magnified by adrenal gland

  34. Some functional differences between the somatic branch and the ANS

  35. THE CNS

  36. Exception- The cranial nerves

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