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Islamic Art 1000-1400

Islamic Art 1000-1400. Historical Context-Islam 1000-1100. Arab lands were North and North-east Africa with Arab trading stations along the African East coast Islam expansion had slowed and was divided between Samanid rulers of Persia, the Fatimids of Egypt, and the Umayyad caliphs of Spain

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Islamic Art 1000-1400

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  1. Islamic Art 1000-1400

  2. Historical Context-Islam 1000-1100 • Arab lands were North and North-east Africa with Arab trading stations along the African East coast • Islam expansion had slowed and was divided between Samanid rulers of Persia, the Fatimids of Egypt, and the Umayyad caliphs of Spain • Islam was revitalized with the Seljik conquers (Central Asia Nomad conquers recently converted to Islam) • Loss of some Christian Byzantine land ( Armenia) and Jerusalem captured from the more tolerant Fatimid caliphs of Egypt (they allowed Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem) • The regeneration of Islam posed an immediate threat ot the Christian people of the western world- the start of the Holy Wars- The First Crusade- 1095- • Jerusalem was taken in by the crusaders in 1099

  3. Contributions to Architecture and Art and Science • Cult of the Garden-cool, well watered and essentially formal • Rigid orthodoxy- exiled figurative painting from mosque and home alike • Repeated vegetal and geometric patterns, patterned brickwork • Medical encyclopaedias, pioneering work on optics, furthered understanding of Hindu algebra and arithmetic, astrological and navigational tables

  4. Islam- Muslim Spain • 1198 • Isolated from the other areas of Islamic rule • Giralda tower in Seville- a minaret of the Almohad mosque (since made into a bellfry)

  5. Earlier Byzantine Studies • Remember -Dome of the Rock • Haigis Sophia was a Byzantine church- now it is a Mosque

  6. First state, left.  "Minaret and observatory of the Great Mosque, completed by the Almohades in 1198, also commemorating the battle of Alarcos, happened three years before." •   Second state, right. "Bell Tower of the main Church of the Christian reconquerors, after the fall of the balls due to the earthquake on august 24, 1356.." •   Third state, center, present day. "Bell tower of the Cathedral completed in 1568 the Christian part by the Cordoba architect Fernando Ruiz and other masters, including the 1890 restoration

  7. Muslim Spain was intellectual centre in the 12th century-study of science and philosophy in the Muslim world (Almohad dynasty) • Averroes commentator of Aristotle; Ibn al-Arabi mystical scholar; Ibn al-Baytar famous botanist, Abu Marwan ibn Zuhr physician and co-author with Averroes of a medical encyclopedia

  8. Mosque of Al-Aqmar Al-Aqmar

  9. INDIA AND ISLAM • Arab interest in trading Western Africa- gold ivory and slaves • India’s warring rulers left the door open for Muhammad Guri’s invasion of Northern India • Taking of Dehli on 1192- Muslim domination in Northern India would remain for centuries • It took a century and a half to take over India as it retreated southward.

  10. The exotic art of Hindu and Buddhist India was considered Icons by the Muslim conquerors • The Mosque of Islam at Delhi was supplied by stones taken from Hindu shrines • Dominant feature is the Qutb Minar a great minaret begun in 1199 and conceived as a tower of victory • Inscriptions from the Koran, decoration traditional Indian inspiration

  11. Islamic Art • Mongol invasion effected the Islamic culture- causing early internal divisions yet began to recover at the end of the 1200’s • Some of the brilliance was preserved at Seljuk, Anatolia –early 13th century Sultans. Among these were the Medreses (schools of theology) Ince Medrese Turkey 1267

  12. Though built (1267) as a Muslim theological seminary, it has been restored and is now Konya's Museum of Wooden Artifacts and Stone Carving. • Grandportal, heavily and completely carved with Seljuk decoration and Kur'anic inscriptions, is among the finest of all Seljuk grand portals. • The minaret, partially destroyed by a lightning strike in 1901, was exceptionally tall (see the old photo below) and finely decorated with typically Seljuk sky-blue tiles • Exhibits include elaborately carved wooden mosque doors and decorative panels, marble panels carved with typical Seljuk designs of birds, lions, angels and double-headed eagles and even a few elephants. Kubab-abad Palace wall tiles

  13. Ribbon of dragons http://www.turkishhan.org/sultankayseri.htm Sultan Han-1232- fortified, built a stops for refreshment between major Anatolian cities- great lodging-hospital- mosque. The han faces south. It is the second largest han in Turkey, and is one of the most spectacular and striking hans of the entire Middle East. It was undoubtedly one of the most luxurious inns known, the five-star "Hilton" of its day.

  14. detail of dragon heads at summit of mosque arches

  15. Into this culture the Mongols broke • Lost some of its artisans that fled especially skilled metal workers • Gained some knowledge of Chinese painting and pottery • Loss of territory in Spain (but not Granada) • Religious refugees from Spain great exodus of scholars and mystics

  16. Islamic Decorative Art • Emphasis on abstract decoration due to religiously inspired • Frequently accompanied by Calligraphy • Men and animals occasionally shown, but rare • shape and pattern • Though they resulted in a loss of dramatic power (due to no figurative art) they made up for the loss was in the intricate ingenuity of its flowering designs.

  17. Detail from the Seljuk Friday mosque at Isfahan. The architectural complexity of the muqarnas is highlighted by the geometric pattern of the decoration. Mina'i Bowl Late 12th-early 13th century; Persian, Seljuk Dynasty; Ceramic; The Seljuks were responsible for the most important innovation in early medieval Islamic pottery. They rediscovered a frit body of clay, quartz, and potash, an ancient Egyptian invention which permitted a variety of color and decoration. http://www.dia.org/collections/ancient/islamicart/30.421.html Mina'i (enameled) was the most elaborate Seljuk pottery style, requiring several firings for pigments and gold leaf. Its figural style, derived from wall and miniature painting, The mina'i bowl depicts a scene from the Shahnama (The Book of Kings), the 11th-century Persian poet Firdausi's epic poem. The subject, the victorious Iranian King Faridun leading his vanquished Arab foe Zahhak, was chosen for narrative and symbolic reasons.

  18. Metropolitan museum of Art Tile assemblage, first half of 13th century; Seljuq-Anatolia Metropolitan of Art Frieze tile with phoenix, ca. 1270sIran (probably Takht-i Sulayman)Fritware, overglaze luster-painted

  19. Miniatures There are very few secular illustrated texts which survive from late Antiquity or Byzantium. The rise of illustrated secular works under Islam occur in the late 12th and 13th centuries. Kalila wa Dimna were the examples of these works that illustrate the appearance of an immensely rich merchant class in the Near East with means and pretensions to ape the rulers. Meanwhile, the Persian paintings were mostly about the pride of the kings and rulers. There were also religious Persian paintings which represent the Persian interpretations of Islam. A. Miniature Paintings "Miniatures" or small paintings were often used to illustrate books. They were more common in Turkey and Persia (now Iran and parts of Iraq), and later in Muslim India (the Mughal Empire). The art of these places was also influenced by the Mongol conquests of the 1200's. After that time, Persian and Turkish paintings were influenced by Chinese art styles. I- Early Islamic Illustrations http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/early.html II- Secular illustrations and Persian Painting http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/pers-II.html

  20. King Khusraw Parviz Listening to Barbad the Concealed MusicianIllustration from a manuscript of the Shahnama (Book of kings)Iraq, Baghdad(?), c. 1300Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper6 x 5 1/8 in. (15.3 x 13 cm) The Nasli M. Heeramaneck Collection, gift of Joan PalevskyM.73.5.406

  21. Gallery underneath the dome, tomb of the Ilkhanid ruler, Uljaitu, in Sultaniya in Iran1307-131

  22. Geometry and Islam • The star was chosen as the most popular motif for Islamic decorations because its regular geometric shape symbolized equal radiation in all directions from A central point. • All regular stars are created with A division of A circle into equal parts. The center of the star is the center of the circle which represents one god and the center of islam which is mecca; toward which all moslems face in prayer. • The rays of the star reach out in all directions which represent the spread of islam throughout all the world. http://everyschool.org/u/logan/culturalmath/geoisl.htm

  23. BowlEgypt, twelfth centuryEarthenware, overglaze luster paintedHeight: 2 9/16 in. (6.51 cm)Diameter: 6 13/16 in. (17.3 cm)The Madina Collection of Islamic Art, gift of Camilla Chandler FrostM.2002.1.35

  24. Folding Loran stand Seljuk, 13th c crafted from a single piece of wood- geometrical and plant motifs, peacocks and Solomon's seal and cypress trees were commonly used in their carving http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/art/islamic-woodwork.html Manuscript of Sughrat (Socrates) belongs to a 13th century Seljuk illustrator. It is currently kept at Topkapi Palace Library, Istanbul, Turkey.

  25. Islam 1300-1400 • Islamic society future lay with the Ottman vigor which took over Constantinople in 1391, having absorbed most of its territory (the high point of Ottman architecture is in the mid 16th century, they had little time at this date) • Granada Spain was still Islamic- the most remarkable building- the Alhambra • An Islamic citadel – a large, fortified, enclosure- palace of the ruler • It included within its walls- mosques,, schools, administration buildings with gardens and apartments for the court • During a time when Muslim, Jews and Christian people lived side by side (at times uneasily) • Time of artistic brilliance

  26. Alhambra • The Alhambra sits on a plateau in the Sierra Nevada Mountains just ouside Granada, Spain. • MuhammadV (1361-91) was the principal patron of the complex as we know it today. Although Yusuf 1 (1333-54) established the current layout and decorative tone. • Elaborate use of light, water and garden spaces • Expresses Arabic poetic tradition and Qur’anic imagery of paradise • Numerous inscriptions, mostly verses of Ibn Zamrak-Muhammad’s V’s court poet.

  27. Court of the Lions

  28. http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/alhambra/flash/palace_qtvr3.htmlhttp://www.mcah.columbia.edu/alhambra/flash/palace_qtvr3.html • http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/islamic_granada_lion1_high.htm • http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/islamic.html

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