1 / 34

Theoretical Seismology 2: Wave Propagation

Theoretical Seismology 2: Wave Propagation. Based on a lecture by James Mori of the Earthquake Hazards Division, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University . Contents. ・ Rays Snell ’ s Law Structure of the Earth ・ Seismic Waves

jerod
Download Presentation

Theoretical Seismology 2: Wave Propagation

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Theoretical Seismology 2: Wave Propagation Based on a lecture by James Mori of the Earthquake Hazards Division,Disaster Prevention Research Institute,Kyoto University

  2. Contents ・ Rays Snell’s Law Structure of the Earth ・ Seismic Waves Near-Field Terms (Static Displacements) Far-Field Terms (P, S, Surface waves) ・ Normal modes Free oscillations of the Earth

  3. Faulting Seismic waves USGS

  4. Homogeneous Earth If the Earth had constant velocity the wave paths would be very simple.

  5. Structure in the Earth results in complicated paths Lowrie, 1997, fig 3.69 USGS Bolt, 2004, fig 6.3

  6. Snell’s Law Fermat’s Principle Rays q1 Air Water q2 sin q1 / sin q2 = n21

  7. a1 q1 q2 a２ a1 > a2 Ray Paths in a Layered Medium a = velocity of seismic energy in the layer Faster a1 q1 Ｓlower Slower q2 Faster a２ a1 < a2

  8. Time 1/a3 1/a2 1/a1 Distance Ray Paths in a Layered Medium a1 a2 a3

  9. The Moho Andrija Mohorovicic (1857-1936) Found seismic discontinuity at 30 km depth in the Kupa Valley (Croatia). Mohorovicic discontinuity or ‘Moho’ Boundary between crust and mantle The Moho The Moho Copywrite Tasa Graphic Arts

  10. Forward Branch Backward Branch

  11. Forward Branch Forward Branch Backward Branch Shadow Zone

  12. PcP Shadow Zone ・ 1912 Gutenberg observed shadow zone 105o to 143o ・ 1939 Jeffreys fixed depth of core at 2898 km (using PcP) Backward Branch Forward Branch PKP Forward Branch PcP Shadow Zone P Forward Branch Forward Branch Backward Branch

  13. PcP Core Reflections

  14. IASP91, Kennett and Engdahl, 1991

  15. Seismic Waves Aspects of Waves not Explained by Ray Theory ・ Different types of waves (P, S) ・ Surface Waves ・ Static Displacements ・ Frequency content

  16. Wave Equation 1-D wave equation c = propagation speed This is the equation that explains the waves on a spring: constant velocity wave propagation, no mass transfer, different from circulation eq.

  17. 1-D Wave Equation Solution T = wave period w = angular frequency

  18. Wave Period and Wavelength Velocity 6 km/s Space x wavelength 300 km wavelength Time t period 50 s frequency = 1/period= 0.02 hz period Velocity = Wavelength / Period

  19. Period Wavelength

  20. 3-D Wave Equation with Source source spatial 2nd derivative Near-field Terms (Static Displacements) Solution Far-field Terms (P, S Waves)

  21. Near-field terms • ・ Static displacements • ・ Only significant close to the fault • ・ Source of tsunamis Bei-Fung Bridge near Fung-Yan city, 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake

  22. Static displacements Co-seismic deformation of 2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake (M8.0)

  23. Generation of Tsunami from Near-field Term UNESCO-IOC (Great waves)

  24. Far-field Terms • ・ Propagating Waves • ・ No net displacement • ・ P waves • ・ S waves  Copyright 2004. L. Braile.

  25. surface waves  Copyright 2004. L. Braile.

  26. January 26, 2001 Gujarat, India Earthquake (Mw7.7) vertical Rayleigh Waves radial transverse Love Waves Recorded in Japan at a distance of 57o (6300 km)

  27. A(t) = A0e -ω0t/2Q Amplitude and Intensity Seismic waves loose amplitude with distance traveled - attenuation So the amplitude of the waves depends on distance from the earthquake. Therefore unlike magnitude intensity is not a single number.

  28. Modified Mercalli Intensity I Barely felt II Felt by only few people III Felt noticeably, standing autos rock slightly IV Felt by many, windows and walls creak V Felt by nearly everyone, some dished and windows broken VI Felt by all, damaged plaster and chimneys VII Damage to poorly constructed buildings VIII Collapse of poorly constructed buildings, slight damage to well built structures IX Considerable damage to well constructed buildings, buildings shifted off foundations X Damage to well built wooden structures, some masonry buildings destroyed, train rails bent, landslides XI Few masonry structure remain standing, bridges destroyed, ground fissures XII Damage total

  29. Normal Modes Liberty Bell (USA) Useful for studies of ・ Interior of the Earth ・ Largest earthquakes l=1 m=3 l=1 m=1 l=1 m=2 Houseman http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/~greg/?Sphar/index.html

  30. Toroidal and Spheroidal Modes Toroidal Spheroidal Dahlen and Tromp Fig. 8.5, 8.17

  31. Natural Vibrations of the Earth Shearer Ch.8.6 Lay and Wallace, Ch. 4.6

  32. Summary Rays Earth structure causes complicated ray paths through the Earth (P, PKP, PcP) Wave theory explains ・ P and S waves ・ Static displacements ・ Surface waves Normal Modes The Earth rings like a bell at long periods

More Related