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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Eukaryotic Origins Protists Characteristics of Protists Groups of Protists Ecology of Protists ] Protists Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Protists > Eukaryotic Origins Eukaryotic Origins • Early Eukaryotes • Characteristics of Eukaryotic DNA • Endosymbiosis and the Evolution of Eukaryotes • The Evolution of Mitochondria • The Evolution of Plastids Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/protists-23/eukaryotic-origins-145/

  6. Protists > Characteristics of Protists Characteristics of Protists • Cell Structure, Metabolism, and Motility • Protist Life Cycles and Habitats Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/protists-23/characteristics-of-protists-146/

  7. Protists > Groups of Protists Groups of Protists • Excavata • Chromalveolata: Alveolates • Chromalveolata: Stramenopiles • Rhizaria • Archaeplastida • Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/protists-23/groups-of-protists-147/

  8. Protists > Ecology of Protists Ecology of Protists • Protists as Primary Producers, Food Sources, and Symbionts • Protists as Human Pathogens • Protists as Plant Pathogens Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/protists-23/ecology-of-protists-148/

  9. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Protists Key terms • aerobicliving or occurring only in the presence of oxygen • amorphouslacking a definite form or clear shape • chloroplastan organelle found in the cells of green plants and photosynthetic algae where photosynthesis takes place • conjugationthe temporary fusion of organisms, especially as part of sexual reproduction • cristacristae (singular crista) are the internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion • cyanobacteriaphotosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms, of phylum Cyanobacteria, once known as blue-green algae • cyanobacteriaphotosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms, of phylum Cyanobacteria, once known as blue-green algae • diploidof a cell, having a pair of each type of chromosome, one of the pair being derived from the ovum and the other from the spermatozoon • downy mildewplant disease caused by oomycetes; causes stunted growth in plants as well as discolored, withered leaves • endomembraneall the membraneous components inside a eukaryotic cell, including the nuclear envelope, endoplastic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus • endosymbiontan organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism • endosymbiosiswhen one symbiotic species is taken inside the cytoplasm of another symbiotic species and both become endosymbiotic Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Protists • endosymbioticthat lives within a body or cells of another organism • haploidof a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes • hydrogenosomea membrane-bound organelle found in ciliates, trichomonads, and fungi which produces molecular hydrogen and ATP • kinetoplasta disk-shaped mass of circular DNA inside a large mitochondrion, found specifically in protozoa of the class Kinetoplastea • mitosomean organelle found within certain unicellular eukaryotes which lack mitochondria • multinucleatehaving more than one nucleus • oomycetefungus-like filamentous unicellular protists; the water molds • osmoregulationthe homeostatic regulation of osmotic pressure in the body in order to maintain a constant water content • pathogenany organism or substance, especially a microorganism, capable of causing disease, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi • pelliclecuticle, the hard protective outer layer of certain life forms • peroxisomea eukaryotic organelle that is the source of the enzymes that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and are responsible for the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids • phagocytosisthe process where a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Protists • phagosomea membrane-bound vacuole within a cell containing foreign material captured by phagocytosis • planktona generic term for all the organisms that float in the sea • plasmida circle of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes, which is found in bacteria and protozoa • plasmodiuma mass of cytoplasm, containing many nuclei, created by the aggregation of amoeboid cells of slime molds during their vegetative phase • plasmodiuma mass of cytoplasm, containing many nuclei, created by the aggregation of amoeboid cells of slime molds during their vegetative phase • plasmodiumparasitic protozoa that must colonize a mosquito and a vertebrate to complete its life cycle • plastidany of various organelles found in the cells of plants and algae, often concerned with photosynthesis • plastidany of various organelles found in the cells of plants and algae, often concerned with photosynthesis • primary produceran autotroph organism that produces complex organic matter using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis • pseudopodiatemporary projections of eukaryotic cells • raphea ridge or seam on an organ, bodily tissue, or other structure, especially at the join between two halves or sections • rhizariaa species-rich supergroup of mostly unicellular eukaryotes that for the most part are amoeboids with filose, reticulose, or microtubule-supported pseudopods Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Protists • saprobean organism that lives off of dead or decaying organic material • saprobean organism that lives off of dead or decaying organic material • sporangiaan enclosure in which spores are formed (also called a fruiting body) • sporangiaan enclosure in which spores are formed (also called a fruiting body) • stipethe stem of a kelp • taxisthe movement of an organism in response to a stimulus; similar to kinesis, but more direct • telomereeither of the repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome, which protect the chromosome from degradation • testthe external calciferous shell of a foram • thylakoida folded membrane within plant chloroplasts from which grana are made, used in photosynthesis • Trypanosomainfects a variety of hosts and cause various diseases, including the fatal African sleeping sickness in humans • vacuolea large, membrane-bound, fluid-filled compartment in a cell's cytoplasm • zooxanthellaan animal of the genus Symbiodinium, a yellow dinoflagellate, notably found in coral reefs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Protists Diatoms Assorted diatoms, visualized here using light microscopy, live among annual sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Diatoms range in size from 2 to 200 µm. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  15. Protists Pseudopodia structures Amoebae with tubular and lobe-shaped pseudopodia, such as the ones seen under this microscope, would be morphologically classified as amoebozoans. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_17.jpgView on Boundless.com

  16. Protists Ammonia tepida Ammonia tepida, a Rhizaria species viewed here using phase contrast light microscopy, exhibits many threadlike pseudopodia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_12.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. Protists Cellular location of eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA Eukaryotic DNA is stored in a nucleus, whereas prokaryotic DNA is in the cytoplasm in the form of a nucleoid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Structural Biochemistry/Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Prokaryotes_and_EukaryotesView on Boundless.com

  18. Protists Dinoflagellates The dinoflagellates exhibit great diversity in shape. Many are encased in cellulose armor and have two flagella that fit in grooves between the plates. Movement of these two perpendicular flagella causes a spinning motion. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Protists Red and green algae (a) Red algae and (b) green algae (visualized by light microscopy) share similar DNA sequences with photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Scientists speculate that, in a process called endosymbiosis, an ancestral prokaryote engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that evolved into modern-day chloroplasts. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Origins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44614/latest/Figure_23_01_03ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Protists Life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, spends part of its life cycle in the tsetse fly and part in humans. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Protists Brown algae life cycle Several species of brown algae, such as the Laminaria shown here, have evolved life cycles in which both the haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) forms are multicellular. The gametophyte is different in structure from the sporophyte. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_10.pngView on Boundless.com

  22. Protists Forams These shells from foraminifera sank to the sea floor. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_13.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Protists Caulerpa taxifolia Caulerpa taxifolia is a chlorophyte consisting of a single cell containing potentially thousands of nuclei. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_16.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Protists Chloroplast (a) This chloroplast cross-section illustrates its elaborate inner membrane organization. Stacks of thylakoid membranes compartmentalize photosynthetic enzymes and provide scaffolding for chloroplast DNA. (b) The chloroplasts can be seen as small green spheres. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Origins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44614/latest/Figure_23_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Protists Primary and secondary endosymbiosis The hypothesized process of endosymbiotic events leading to the evolution of chlorarachniophytes is shown. In a primary endosymbiotic event, a heterotrophic eukaryote consumed a cyanobacterium. In a secondary endosymbiotic event, the cell resulting from primary endosymbiosis was consumed by a second cell. The resulting organelle became a plastid in modern chlorarachniophytes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Origins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44614/latest/Figure_23_01_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Protists Giardia lamblia The mammalian intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia, visualized here using scanning electron microscopy, is a waterborne protist that causes severe diarrhea when ingested. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Protists Stramenophile structure This stramenopile cell has a single hairy flagellum and a secondary smooth flagellum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Protists Oomycete A saprobic oomycete engulfs a dead insect. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_11.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Protists Trypanosomes Trypanosomes are shown among red blood cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Protists. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44619/latest/Figure_23_04_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Protists Plasmodial slime mold: Physarum polycephalum Physarum polycephalum is an example of a cellular slime mold. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Fuligo92-300."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuligo92-300.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Protists Badhamia utricularis Badhamia utricularis: an example of a plasmodial slime mold with the ability to form a fruiting body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Badhamia utricularis mature."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badhamia_utricularis_mature.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. Protists Chloroplasts in plants A eukaryote with mitochondria engulfed a cyanobacterium in an event of serial primary endosymbiosis, creating a lineage of cells with both organelles. These cyanobacteria have become chloroplasts in modern plant cells. The cyanobacterial endosymbiont already had a double membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Plagiomnium affine laminazellen."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpegView on Boundless.com

  33. Protists Micrograph of mammaliam mitochondria In this transmission electron micrograph of mitochondria in a mammalian lung cell, the cristae, infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane, can be seen in cross-section. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Origins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44614/latest/Figure_23_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Protists Different types of motility in protists Protists use various methods for transportation. (a) A paramecium waves hair-like appendages called cilia. (b) An amoeba uses lobe-like pseudopodia to anchor itself to a solid surface and pull itself forward. (c) Euglena uses a whip-like tail called a flagellum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44616/latest/Figure_B23_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Protists Bioluminescence Bioluminescence is emitted from dinoflagellates in a breaking wave, as seen from the New Jersey coast. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. Protists Protist varieties Protists range from the microscopic, single-celled (a) Acanthocystis turfacea and the (b) ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, both visualized here using light microscopy, to the enormous, multicellular (c) kelps (Chromalveolata) that extend for hundreds of feet in underwater "forests. " Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44612/latest/Figure_B23_00_01abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Protists Downy mildew Both downy and powdery mildews on this grape leaf are caused by an infection of P. viticola. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Protists. January 16, 2015."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44619/latest/View on Boundless.com

  38. Protists Endosymbiosis Modern eukaryotic cells evolved from more primitive cells that engulfed bacteria with useful properties, such as energy production. Combined, the once-independent organisms flourished and evolved into a single organism. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Endosymbiosis."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endosymbiosis.svgView on Boundless.com

  39. Protists Plasmodial slime mold life cycle Haploid spores develop into amoeboid or flagellated forms, which are then fertilized to form a diploid, multinucleate mass called a plasmodium. This plasmodium is net-like and, upon maturation, forms a sporangium on top of a stalk. The sporangium forms haploid spores through meiosis, after which the spores disseminate, germinate, and begin the life cycle anew. The brightly-colored plasmodium in the inset photo is a single-celled, multinucleate mass. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. November 18, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/View on Boundless.com

  40. Protists Radiolarian shell This fossilized radiolarian shell was imaged using a scanning electron microscope. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_14.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. Protists Volvox aureus Volvox aureus is a green alga in the supergroup Archaeplastida. This species exists as a colony, consisting of cells immersed in a gel-like matrix and intertwined with each other via hair-like cytoplasmic extensions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_15.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Protists Plasmodium Red blood cells are shown to be infected with P. falciparum, the causative agent of malaria. In this light microscopic image taken using a 100× oil immersion lens, the ring-shaped P. falciparum stains purple. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44619/latest/Figure_23_04_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Protists Paramecium: sexual reproduction The complex process of sexual reproduction in Paramecium creates eight daughter cells from two original cells. Each cell has a macronucleus and a micronucleus. During sexual reproduction, the macronucleus dissolves and is replaced by a micronucleus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_07.pngView on Boundless.com

  44. Protists Protist metabolism The stages of phagocytosis include the engulfment of a food particle, the digestion of the particle using enzymes contained within a lysosome, and the expulsion of undigested materials from the cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44616/latest/Figure_B23_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Protists Parasitic apicomplexans (a) Apicomplexans are parasitic protists. They have a characteristic apical complex that enables them to infect host cells. (b) Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has a complex life cycle typical of apicomplexans. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_05ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. Protists Potato Late Blight These unappetizing remnants result from an infection with P. infestans, the causative agent of potato late blight. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Protists. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44619/latest/Figure_23_04_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  47. Protists Paramecium Paramecium has a primitive mouth (called an oral groove) to ingest food and an anal pore to excrete it. Contractile vacuoles allow the organism to excrete excess water. Cilia enable the organism to move. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/Figure_23_03_06ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Protists Cellular slime mold life cycle Cellular slime molds may engage in two forms of life cycles: as solitary amoebas when nutrients are abundant or as aggregated amoebas (inset photo) when nutrients are scarce. In aggregate form, some individuals contribute to the formation of a stalk, on top of which sits a fruiting body full of spores that disseminate and germinate in the proper moist environment. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Groups of Protists. November 18, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44617/latest/View on Boundless.com

  49. Protists Protists and aquatic organisms Virtually all aquatic organisms depend directly or indirectly on protists for food. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44619/latest/Figure_23_04_02abcde.jpgView on Boundless.com

  50. Protists Corals and dinoflagellates Coral polyps obtain nutrition through a symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Protists. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44619/latest/Figure_23_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

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