Essential Question: Why do civilizations rise and fall?

1. Global Studies Unit TwoAncient World- Civilizations and Religions (4000 BCE- 500 CE) A study of the Ancient Civilizations of Asia, Africa and Europe. Essential Question: Why do civilizations rise and fall?

2. Topic: Early Human Aim: How can we learn about the past by studying artifacts? Do Now: If we were to create a time capsule for 2010, what objects would we include? Vocabulary- Artifact- a manmade object Homo Sapiens- human species Fossil- remains of a plant or animal that has been excavated Nomad- person of a group with no permanent home but move from place to place Migration- movement of people or animals from one place to another

3. Early Human Notes • We learn about the past through anthropology (study of how people live), archaeology (study of artifacts), records and documents and paleontology (study of fossils). • Early humans migrated to all corners of the earth in search of food because they were nomadic • Donald Johanson and his colleagues believe that Lucy’s species is the common ancestor of modern humans because she walked upright on two legs, and is the mother of all humankind.

4. Aim: How did Early Human Life Develop and Survive? Do Now: Examine picture “The Paleolithic Period” and answer the three questions in your notebook

5. Early Human Society • East Africa was the birthplace of humanity • Homo-Sapiens • Human beings as we know it first appeared between 400,000 and 200,000 years ago • Humans had several important advantages over other animals • Superior intelligence • The Use of hands to make tools • The ability to communicate through speech

6. C. Earliest human societies were hunter-gatherers 1. Hunting, fishing, gathering wild plants, fires, canoes, spears with piece of stone or bone • Stone Age Culture • Made stone tools, clay pottery, domesticate dogs E. Human activity- humans spent most time in search of food and eventually migrating to different areas of the world.

7. Aim: How did early humans survive? Vocabulary: Revolution: Quick, drastic change • Early humans • Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age, Cro-Magnon, Neanderthals) 30,000-10,000 BC • hunter-gatherers • Nomadic- people who move from place to place • Used stone tools (flints) • Religious beliefs based on concepts found in nature

8. B. Neolithic Revolution 6,000- 3,000 BC 1. agriculture develops- people grow crops and herd animals 2. villages begin to form 3. population grows 4. early government and economic systems develop because of personal property 5. gender roles develop 6. social classes emerge a) warriors- village had to be protected b) priests- conducted religious rituals to protect crops

9. Aim: What factors help a civilization to grow? I. Civilization- a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements Read p. 30,31. 1. cities 2. well organized central government 3. complex religions 4. job specializations 5. social classes 6. art and architecture 7. public works 8. writing

10. II. Early civilizations developed around rivers. • Tigris and Euphrates Rivers- Sumerians (Mesopotamia) • Nile River- Egypt • Indus River Valley- India • Yellow River Valley- China III. Why did rivers (geographic feature) allow civilizations to develop? 1. Drink, transportation, fertile soil (silt/fertilizer), washing, irrigation (water crops)

11. IV. Early people were animists or polytheists which helped them to understand the natural world a. Animism- belief that spirits are present in animals, plants and other natural objects b. Polytheism- belief in many gods

12. Aim: How did geography encourage the rise of civilization in Mesopotamia?

13. Do Now: Examine map What two major rivers flow through the Fertile Crescent? What are some advantages of Sumer’s location? Which cities were found in the Sumerian section of Mesopotamia?

14. Mesopotamia- Sumerian Civilization- Middle East A. History 1. City states developed because of marshy, swampy land which separated people. They included a city, farms and surrounding villages. 2. City states fought against each other until Sargon united them for 55 years starting in 2360 BC 3. The Sumerian civilization died with Sargon 4. Hammurabi invaded and ruled the empire from 1792-1750 BC 5. Hammurabi names his empire Babylonia and the capital Babylon. The entire area is called Mesopotamia.

15. Economics • Traditional economy based on agriculture, surplus (extra goods) made it possible to trade C. Government 1. King was considered an agent of god (monarchy) 2. Hammurabi developed one of the first written law codes in the world (Hammurabi’s Codes)

16. Accomplishments • What do you think this is? • What might this be used for?

17. What do you think this is? • What might it be used for?

18. Accomplishments of the Sumerian civilization • Cuneiform- system of writing • Ziggurats- pyramid shape temples • Wheel • Sail • Plow • Basic algebra/geometry • Epic of Gilgamesh • Ironworking, wheeled vehicles, astronomy

19. http://video.kids.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/kids/people-places-kids/iraq-mesopotamia-kids.htmlhttp://video.kids.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/kids/people-places-kids/iraq-mesopotamia-kids.html

20. Aim: How was justice determined in Mesopotamia? • Hammurabi’s Code of Law • 1790 BC, King Hammurabi wrote the world’s largest collection of laws onto stone pillars in the center of town • Legal Principles of Hammurabi • Established the principle “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” as a method to punish lawbreakers. • Punishments were based on social class of lawbreakers a. Wealthy citizens paid fines, commoners were physically punished C. Impact of Hammurabi’s Code 1. All modern justice systems are based upon a written set of laws 2. Death penalty is based largely up on the principle of “an eye for an eye”

21. Aim: How did the Nile River Valley influence life in Ancient Egypt? Learning Intention: Explain how Ancient Egypt developed Do Now: Why do you think the Nile River is called Egypt’s “gift”?

22. Ancient Egypt • Nile River (“Breadbasket”) • Yearly flood soaked the land with water and deposited a layer of silt (fertile soil). • Upper Egypt (South) and Lower Egypt (North) were united by Menes united the two regions in 3100 BC • History • Old Kingdom (2700 BC- 2200 BC) • Pharaoh- Egyptian ruler with divine right (god given right) to rule (monarch) • Pyramid Age (Giza)- limestone bricks, 5 tons each

23. Middle Kingdom (2050-1800BC) 1. Nile floods were irregular 2. Hyksos- foreign invaders occupied in 1700 BC for 100 years • New Kingdom (1550-1100 BC) 1. Expanded empire to Euphrates River 2. Queen Hatshepsut- declared herself pharoah 3. Ramses II (1290-1224 BC) expanded empire to Palestine and Syria Invaded by Assyrians, Persians, Greeks and Romans

24. Religion • Sun god Amon-Re, Osiris (god of underworld and Nile), Isis (goddess of life after death) • Mummification- preservation of the dead • Achievements • Hieroglyphics- Egyptian writings • Papyrus • Medicine- surgery, anatomy • Astronomy- almost accurate calendar • Geometry- pyramids and farming • Art- literature, painting and sculpture

25. Hieroglyphics The hieroglyphics system of writing, which used both pictures and more abstract forms, was complex. Hieroglyphics script was used for writing on temple walls and in tombs. Hieratic script uses the same principles as hieroglyphics but with more simplified drawings. Hieratic script was used for business transactions, record keeping and the general needs of daily life.

26. http://www.learning-connections.co.uk/curric/cur_pri/egypt/handson/hands_3.htmlhttp://www.learning-connections.co.uk/curric/cur_pri/egypt/handson/hands_3.html

27. Papyrus Paper made from papyrus reed that grew along the Nile. Most of the ancient Egyptian literature that has come down to us was written on rolls of papyrus

29. Medicine The practice of embalming (preserving a dead body to protect from decay) led to medical expertise in human anatomy. Egyptian doctors used splints, bandages and compresses for treating fractures, wounds and disease

31. Astronomy The Egyptians developed an accurate 365- day calendar by basing their year not only on the movements of the moon, but also the bright star Sirius. Sirius rises in the sky just before the annual flooding of the Nile River.

33. Geometry Mathematics helped the Egyptians to build their massive monuments. Egyptians were able to calculate area and volume and used geometry to survey flooded land.

34. Art Pyramids, temples, and other monuments bear witness to the architectural and artistic achievements of the Egyptians. Artists and sculptors were expected to follow particular formulas in style. This gave Egyptian art a distinctive look for thousands of years. For example, the human body was often portrayed as a combination of profile, semiprofile, and frontal view to accurately represent each part.

36. Aim: Who are the Jews (the Hebrews)? History of the Hebrews Trace their origin to Abraham, who established the belief that there is only one God, the creator of the Universe (monotheism) Descendents of Abraham formed one nation (a common group of people) living in Egypt as slaves The Jews or Hebrews fleed Egypt under the leadership of Moses (The Exodus, Jews celebrate this event during Passover) Moses gave the Hebrews the Torah and the Ten Commandments After many years in the desert, Moses led the Hebrews to the Land of Israel (Land of Canaan)

37. AIM: How were the Hebrew’s beliefs unique in the ancient world? DO NOW TRIVIA: I am the land promised to the Hebrew’s in the Old Testament ____________ I am the title or name given to a messenger of God ____________ I am the belief in one god ____________ Canaan prophet monotheism HW: Create a venn diagram comparing & contrasting Hammurabi’s Code to the Ten Commandments.

38. WHY DO RELIGIONS HAVE SYMBOLS? WHAT PURPOSE DO THEY SERVE? Star of David Menorah Mezuzah Israel’s flag Torah

39. *NOTES* JUDAISM- major world religion founded by the Hebrews in 1400 B.C. which became the first monotheistic belief system. (monotheism-ONE GOD) IMPORTANT FIGURES: Abraham- first Hebrew to make a covenant with God; father of monotheism 2. Moses- messenger of God (prophet) who led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt and was given the Ten Commandments 3. King David & his son Solomon- created a Jewish empire and built the city of Jerusalem

40. *NOTES* Torah- holy book Ten Commandments- law code Monotheism - 1 God Sabbath- holy day is Saturday JUDAISM Synagogue or temple- house of worship Important days: Hannukah, Passover, Yom Kippur, Rosh Hashanah Kosher food (no pork or shellfish) Orthodox, Conservative or Reformed

41. Orthodox Jews in Buenos Aires, Argentina Reformed Jew at the wailing wall in Jerusalem

42. The Ten Commandments

43. Ancient India A. Geographic features and how they influenced the development of India 1. Thar Desert- natural barrier for protection 2. Himalaya Mountains- natural barrier for protection 3. Ganges River- the area of the greatest population density in India is along the Ganges, sacred in the Hindu religion 4. monsoons- seasonal winds that bring rain or cool dry air B. River Valley 1. Indus River 2. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa (major cities)

44. C. Aryans 1. nomadic people who crossed over into India 2. contributed the Vedas, their sacred literature 3. Vedas- four collections of prayers, magical spells and instructions for performing rituals

45. Hinduism Chanting is a means of expressing the Vedas, Upanishads and other scriptures with rhythm. They are written and performed in the ancient Sanskrit language. The sacred Sanskrit letter ‘Om’ is associated with the sacred dot-the Bindu. This ‘Om’ is the bestower of all wishes and is indeed capable of leading one to freedom from worldly bondage and is meditated upon by yogis. SarveShaam SarveshaamSvastirBhavatu SarveshaamShaantirBhavatu SarveshaamPurnamBhavatu SarveshaamMangalamBhavatu SarvebhavantuSukhinah SarveSantuNiramayaah. SarvebhadraniPashyantu. MaaKashchitDuhkhabhahgBhavetll (Traditional Prayer) May good befall all, May there be peace for all, May all be fit for perfection, and May all experience that which is auspicious. May all be happy. May all be healthy. May all experience what is good and let no one suffer.

46. Aim: What are the basic beliefs of Hinduism? • Hinduism • Beliefs • Hindus believe in one god, Brahman, but worship different gods as being various forms of a single Supreme Being • Brahma, the creator; Vishnu, the preserver; Shiva, the destroyer • Hindus believe in Atman, the individual soul and Brahman, the world soul. When a person understands the relationship between Atman and Brahman that person achieves moksha, perfect understanding and the release from life in this world. • Reincarnation, rebirth is the belief that an individual soul is born again until mokshais achieved. • Karma- the belief that what goes around comes around, what you give you will receive. Bad karma is only avoided through meditation. • Monism is the belief that Brahma and Atman are one and indivisible; God and human beings are one

47. Holy Writings • Vedas • Upanishads • BhagavadGita, “Song of the Lord” • C. Impact of the Vedas on the social structure of India • 1. Once people were in the caste, social rank there is little hope for change except in another life. Those at the top castes are rewarded because of good karma. • a. Brahmin- priests • b. Kshatriyas- rulers and warriors • c. Vaisyas- merchants and professionals • d. Sudras- workers and servants • e. Pariahs- outcasts, untouchables

48. Aim: How did Buddhism develop in India? Do Now: What are three Hindu beliefs?

50. Buddhism • Siddhartha Guatama- founder of Buddhism, Buddha “the enlightened one” • Four Noble Truths • Recognize and acknowledge the presence of suffering • Origin and nature of suffering is desire, by wanting things one cannot have • Refrain from doing things that make us suffer by putting aside desire • The path that leads to overcome suffering and attain enlightenment is by following certain rules • C. Noble Eightfold Path • 1. Right View, Right Thinking, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Diligence, Right Mindfulness, Right Concentration • Enlightenment- awakening, wisdom • Nirvana- release from selfishness and pain • Meditation- stillness • Yoga- union of the body, mind and spirit • Three Jewels of Buddhism • Sangha- community • Buddha-teachings • Dharma- purpose in life