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State-building: Iran and Turkey

State-building: Iran and Turkey. Attaturk and Reza Shah. From the Ottoman Empire to Turkey. How was the Turkish nation-state created out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire? Why and how did Turkey achieve independence while its Arab heartland remained under European dominance?

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State-building: Iran and Turkey

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  1. State-building: Iran and Turkey Attaturk and Reza Shah

  2. From the Ottoman Empire to Turkey • How was the Turkish nation-state created out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire? • Why and how did Turkey achieve independence while its Arab heartland remained under European dominance? • What were the factors that influenced these different outcomes?

  3. How did Turkey’s experience differ from Iran’s? • How did these different state-building experiences affect subsequent history?

  4. The Ottoman Empire Dismembered

  5. War of Independence • Resistance groups • Grand National Assembly, 1920 • National Pact • Obstacles facing nationalists Above: meeting in Sivas, 1919 Left: assembly in 1920

  6. (In the meantime) On the international front • Russians • French • Greeks • Armistice of Mudanya (1922) • Lausanne Conference (1922) and Treaty of Lausanne (1923) Istanbul

  7. The New Republic under Atatürk (1923-1938) • Turkey declared a Republic and Mustafa Kemal its president (Oct. 1923) → later known as Atatürk, “father of the Turks” • Capital moved to Ankara • Republican People’s Party (RPP)

  8. The New Republic Under Atatürk • Politics • The Constitution • Religion

  9. Who was Mustafa Kemal Atatürk?

  10. Kemalism: Six Principles • Reformism • Republicanism • Secularism • Nationalism • Populism • Etatism

  11. What’s in a Hat?

  12. WOMEN • Polygamy forbidden • More grounds to seek divorce (for women) • Women could marry non-Muslim men • Universal education • Right to vote in 1934 • Encouraged to enter professions • Campaign against the veil • Miss Europe 1932 Halide Edib, prominent Turkish nationalist

  13. Iran under Muhammad Reza Shah (1920-1941) • Iran and effects of World War I • Iran’s special problems

  14. Coming to power of Reza Khan (later Shah) • 1919 Anglo-Persian Treaty • Reza Khan, the Cossack, “the man on horseback” • Normalized relations with Russia • His program

  15. His rule: social and economic change • Millspaugh, 1922 • Army • 1925: establishment of Pahlavi dynasty • Modernization and reform from above • Westernization • Persia ► Iran, 1935 • Social change • OIL

  16. Assessment • What kind of support did he have and why? • What kind of modernization and what kinds of effects on Iranian society? • How did this “new” Iran relate to the West?

  17. From the Ottoman Empire to Turkey (back to our questions) • How was the Turkish nation-state created out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire? • Why and how did Turkey achieve independence while its Arab heartland remained under European dominance? • What were the factors that influenced these different outcomes?

  18. Assessment • How did Turkey’s experience differ from Iran’s? • How did these different state-building experiences affect subsequent history?

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