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Introduction

Introduction. Fig. 1 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 3). History. History of Mobile Communications. Electronic communication: "terrestrial network" Telegraph 1st telegraph line 1843 Washington - Baltimore Telephone P. Reis 1861 A.G. Bell 1876

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Introduction

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  1. Introduction Fig. 1 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 3) History

  2. History of Mobile Communications • Electronic • communication: • "terrestrial network" • Telegraph • 1st telegraph line 1843 • Washington - Baltimore • Telephone • P. Reis 1861 • A.G. Bell 1876 • World Exhibition Philadelphia The beginnings: "archaic mobile communication" • visual transmission (smoke/light signals,...) • audible transmission (drums, horns,...) Radio transmission: 1873 Maxwell‘s theory of electromagn. waves 1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof 1895 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission 1901 1st transatlantic transmission 1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske 1906 1st speech and sound transmission 1909 1st radio broadcast 1917 1st mobile transmission: radio station - train Fig. 2 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 5)

  3. Over Simplex Connection: transmit or receive Duplex Connection: simultaneous transmission and reception Fig. 3 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 7)

  4. Single Cell Systems: • Low service and speech quality • Heavy, bulky and expensive equipment • Small coverage area • No handover • Manual exchange • Low capacity First Mobile Services: • Car telephone service • Since the late 40‘s Fig. 4 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 9)

  5. radius r Quantum Leap in Mobile Communications: Single Cell Systems  Cellular Systems r Cellular System Single Cell System re-use distance Fig. 5 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 11)

  6. First Generation Cellular Mobile Radio Systems Fig. 6 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 13)

  7. 2nd Quantum Leap: Analog (1st Generation)  Digital (2nd Generation) Different Generations of Mobile Stations First generation mobile telephones for fixed vehicle installation and analog mobile telephones Second generation GSM mobile telephones Second generation GSM mobile telephones Digital GSM technology. Terminal devices were less bulky, but still too heavy (battery capacity problems). Analog technology. Terminal devices were bulky and heavy. Digital GSM technology. Terminal devices are handier and have greater battery capacity. Fig. 7 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 15)

  8. Subscriber trends (Example): Germany 1978 - 2000 GSM (E2) introduction GSM (Eplus) introduction GSM (D1, D2) introduction C-network introduction B-network introduction Fig. 8 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 17)

  9. 1G Limitations ¨ Capacity ¨ Quality ¨ Incompatibility European mobile communication market early 90‘s Fig. 9 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 19)

  10. Introduction GSM Global System for Mobile Communications Fig. 10 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 21)

  11. GSM Milestones 1978 CEPT reserves 2 x 25 MHz in 900 MHz range 1982 CEPT founds "Groupe Special Mobile" GSM 1984-86 Comparison of technical possibilities Goals: - free roaming - international accessibility under 1 number (international roaming) - large network capacity (bandwidth efficiency) - flexibility  ISDN - broad service offering - security mechanisms 1986 Core of experts meets continuously 1987 Selection of central transmission techniques Memorandum of Understanding: MoU 1988 ETSI founded 1989 GSM  Global System for Mobile Communication 1990 GSM900 Standard (phase 1) 1991 DCS1800 adaptation Trials / "friendly user" operation 1992 Start of commercial operation 1993 Beginning of work on phase 2 1995 Completion of work on phase 2 (GSM900/DCS1800) Reservation of GSM-R frequencies (ETSI) 1996 PCS1900 adaptation (USA) Fig. 11 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 23)

  12. GSM Milestones 1997 Phase 2+:Annual Release `96 DCS1800 / PCS1900  GSM1800 / GSM1900 Dual-band devices GSM: practical world standard (109 countries/regions; 28 % market share) 1998 Phase 2+: Annual Release `97: GPRS, CAMEL,.... First GSM-R networks World-wide accessibility using dual mode GSM/IRIDIUM 35 % of world market 1999 Phase 2+: Annual Release ‘98 250 M. subscriber, 130 countries 2000 Phase 2+: Annual Release ‘99: AMR, VHE,... identical to UMTS Rel. ‘99 60% of world market; 410 M. subscriber, 161 countries Fig. 12 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 25)

  13. GSM Recommendation Series 01: General 12 Series; each max. 100 Rec.: e.g. GSM Rec. 08.07 Series 02: Service Aspects PSTN ISDN Series 04: MS/BS Interface & Protocols Series 08: MSC-BSS Interface MSC BSS MS Series 05: Um Radio Transmission Series 03: Network Aspects Series 09: Network Interworking Register Series 06: Speech Coding Series 10: Service Interworking Series 067: Terminal Adaptors for MS Series 11: Equipment & Type Approval Specifications Series 12: Operation & Maintenance Fig. 13 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 27)

  14. Services Phase 2+ Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 1 1991 1995 1997 Year New services e.g. ASCI, SOR, UUS EFR; IN: CAMEL Data: HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE (> 100 kbit/s) Annual Releases ! Full Rate Speech (FR), Standard services Data: max. 9.6 kbit/s New services e.g. MTPy, CUG, AoC; Half Rate Speech (HR) GSM: Evolutionary Concept Downward compatibility MTPy: CUG: AoC: ASCI: SOR: UUS: Multiparty Service Closed User Group Advice of Charge Advanced Speech Call Items Support of Optimal Routing User to User Signalling EFR: IN: CAMEL: HSCSD: GPRS: EDGE: Enhanced Full Rate Speech Intelligent Network Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic High Speed Circuit Switched Data General Packet Radio Service Enhanced Data Rates for the GSMEvolution Fig. 14 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 29)

  15. GSM - Adaptations GSM-R 890 935 1880 GSM 1800 GSM 1800 GSM 900 GSM 900 GSM 1900 GSM 1900 E-GSM E-GSM 876 880 915 921 925 960 [MHz] 1710 1785 1805 1850 1910 1930 1990 [MHz] Fig. 15 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 31)

  16. GSM-PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) Example: Germany Competition concept: different network operators, providers and manufacturers D2 Mannesmann D1 Telekom Eplus E2 Viag Intercom Fig. 16 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 33)

  17. Introduction Current Situation, Market & Trends Fig. 17 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 35)

  18. analogue paging systems e.g. Citycall digital paging systems e.g. ERMES Current MobileCommunication Systems analogue cordless telephone systems e.g. CT1, CT1+ digital cordless telephone systems e.g. DECT, PACS, PHP Cordless telephone booth Wireless Local Loop WLL • Differences: • target groups • services offered • prices • coverage • degree of mobility • transmission technique • ... analogue Private Mobile Radio PMR digital PMR e.g. TETRA digital cellular systems e.g. GSM, D-AMPS, PDC, IS-95 analogue cellular systems e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS Fig. 18 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 37) analogue satellite systems e.g. INMARSAT digital satellite systems e.g. IRIDIUM, ICO, Globalstar 2G 1G

  19. Cellular Systems First generation: C450 NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone TACS - Total Access Communications System AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System Second generation: Fig. 19 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 39)

  20. 10,000 - 20,000 km MEO Medium Earth Orbit 700 - 1,500 km LEO Low Earth Orbit approx. 36,000 km Mobile Satellite Systems MSS Supply to/ in case of: - inaccessible, underpopulated areas - poor infrastructure - high seas - catastrophe areas - failure of other supplies Earth • 1G: • MARISAT (USA) since 1976 • INMARSAT (International Maritime • Satellite Organisation): • since 1979; > 80 member countries • 4 GEO satellites; • global access • 2G: • Iridium, ICO, Globalstar • private MSS operator • speech- & low data rate services GEO GEostationary Orbit HEO High Elliptic Orbit Fig. 20 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 41)

  21. Subscriber trends: 1980 - 2000 1G Introduction Single cell systems 2G Introduction Fig. 21 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 43)

  22. Trends & Outlook Subscriber [M.] Year UMTS Forum Report #1 Fig. 22 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 45)

  23. Mobile Trends Trend: Voice  Data • Requirements: • high data rates • user-friendliness • improved service offering • cost reduction • worldwide accessibility • GSM Phase 2+ • data rates > 100 kbit/s • mobile computing, Internet • new, integrating ME • new flexible services + IN • satellite roaming • & much more Source: UMTS Forum Fig. 23 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 47)

  24. Mobile communication forecast (Europa) Mobile subscriber (total) Mobile subscriber all applications from voice to Multimedia Mobile subscriber Speech only/ low data rates • mobile Multi Media: • Start with GSM Ph2+ • Breakthrough: • 3G (UMTS) Source: UMTS-Forum Fig. 24 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 49)

  25. IMT-2000 1G (analog) 2G (digital) • 3G • 1 family of standards • for all • applications • countries Paging Systems, e.g. City Call Paging Systems e.g. ERMES Cordless Telephone e.g. CT1, 1+ Cordless Telephone e.g. DECT, PACS, PHS wireless Telephone cell Wireless Local Loops WLL Private Mobile Radio PMR PMR e.g. TETRA Cellular systems e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS Cellular systems e.g. GSM, D-AMPS, IS-95, PDC e.g. UMTS, cdma2000, UWC-136 MSS e.g. INMARSAT MSS e.g. IRIDIUM, ICO, Globalstar different, incompatible standards for different applications, countries & regions Fig. 25 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 51)

  26. Zone 4: Global Zone 3: Suburban / Rural Zone 2: Urban Zone 1: Indoor Pico Cell Macro Cell Micro Cell MSS max. data rate 144 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s 384 kbit/s 144 kbit/s UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 1980 2010 2170 cellular MSS cellular MSS 2110 2200 1885 2025 Frequency range [MHz] Fig. 26 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Introduction, 53)

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