CS 445 / 645 Introduction to Computer Graphics

CS 445 / 645Introduction to Computer Graphics Lecture 16 Lighting

Review • We have a model for determining the brightness (radiance) of a ray rooted at a point on a surface and oriented towards the cameraDirect illumination only • Ambient term • Diffuse term • Specular term

Combining Everything • Simple analytic model: • diffuse reflection + • specular reflection + • emission + • “ambient” Surface

The Final Combined Equation • Single light source: N Viewer R q q L a V

What influences these terms? • Influencing factors • Light position • Sample point position • Camera position • Surface angle with respect to light vector • Surface angle with respect to camera vector

Direct illumination questions • Camera moves from one position to another • Angle between light and surface unchanged • Angle between camera and surface changes • A tracking camera follows object as it moves in scene • Angle between light and surface changes • Angle between camera and surface unchanged • An object moves from on position to another • Both angles have changed

Direct Illumination • Provides a way to measure radiance at a point in a specific direction • What points? • Vertices • What do you do for points between vertices? This becomes a problem of “shading”and we’ll discuss it later

Direct Illumination • Provides a way to measure radiance at a point in a specific direction • What points? • Other points to sample? This is a form of ray casting.We’ll talk about it next

Direct Illumination • Provides a way to measure radiance at a point in a specific direction • What points? • What directions? • Towards the camera • No secondary effects

Overview • Direct (Local) Illumination • Emission at light sources • Scattering at surfaces • Global illumination • Shadows • Refractions • Inter-object reflections Direct Illumination

Global Illumination • We’ve glossed over how light really works • And we will continue to do so… • One step better • Global Illumination • The notion that a point is illuminated by more than light from local lights; it is illuminated by all the emitters and reflectors in the global scene

The ‘Rendering Equation’ • Jim Kajiya (Current head of Microsoft Research) developed this in 1986 • I(x, x’) = total intensity from point x’ to x • g(x, x’) = 0 when x/x’ are occluded = 1/d2 otherwise (d = distance between x and x’) • e(x, x’) = intensity emitted by x’ to x • r(x, x’,x’’) = intensity of light reflected from x’’ to x through x’ • S = all points on all surfaces

x' g(x, x') x 1 or 1/d2depending on visibility

x' e(x, x') x emissivity

I(x', x'') I(x', x'') I(x', x'') I(x', x'') x' x r(x, x', x'')

The ‘Rendering Equation’ • The light that hits x from x’ is the direct illumination from x’ and all the light reflected by x’ from all x’’ • To implement: • Must handle recursion effectively • Must support diffuse and specular light • Must model object shadowing

The ‘Rendering Equation’ • What’s really hard about computing this? • The integral… • How can one compute I(x, x') for all points x and x'? • Approximate!!!

Approximating the Rendering Equation • Don’t integrate over all points, just a subset • Ray Tracing • Considered a Monte Carlo approximation • Monte Carlo == Random “sampling” of real answerConsider pulling colored balls from an urn to approximate the ratio of its contents by Gilles Tran

Approximating the Rendering Equation • Group “all points” into sets and consider all sets • Radiosity • Considered a finite-element approximation • What are the models that approximate light transfer from one finite element to another?Consider electing the President from the sum of the states rather than the sum of all people

Ray Casting • A simple form of Ray Tracing Rays through view plane Simplest method is ray casting View plane Eye position

Ray Casting • To create each sample … • Construct ray from eye position through view plane • Find first surface intersected by ray through pixel • Compute color sample based on surface radiance

Ray Casting • For each sample … • Construct ray from eye position through view plane • Find first surface intersected by ray through pixel • Compute color sample based on surface radiance Rays through view plane Samples on view plane Eye position

Ray Casting • Simple implementation: Image RayCast(Camera camera, Scene scene, int width, int height) { Image image = new Image(width, height); for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < height; j++) { Ray ray = ConstructRayThroughPixel(camera, i, j); Intersection hit = FindIntersection(ray, scene); image[i][j] = GetColor(hit); } } return image; }

Constructing Ray Through a Pixel Up direction View Plane back towards P0 V right P Ray: P = P0 + tV

P1 2*d*tan(Q) P1 = P0 + d*towards – d*tan(Q)*right P2 = P0 + d*towards + d*tan(Q)*right P2 Constructing Ray Through a Pixel • 2D Example Q = frustum half-angle d = distance to view plane towards P0 Q right = towards x up d V right P Ray: P = P0 + tV P = P1 + (i/width + 0.5) * (P2 - P1) = P1 + (i/width + 0.5) * 2*d*tan (Q)*right V = (P - P0) / ||P - P0 ||

Ray Casting • Simple implementation: Image RayCast(Camera camera, Scene scene, int width, int height) { Image image = new Image(width, height); for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < height; j++) { Ray ray = ConstructRayThroughPixel(camera, i, j); Intersection hit = FindIntersection(ray, scene); image[i][j] = GetColor(hit); } } return image; }

Ray-Scene Intersection • Intersections with geometric primitives • Sphere • Triangle • Groups of primitives (scene)

Ray-Sphere Intersection Ray: P = P0 + tV Sphere: |P - C|2 - r 2 = 0 P’ P V r C P0

Ray-Sphere Intersection • Need normal vector at intersection for lighting calculations N = (P - C) / ||P - C|| N r V P C P0

Ray-Scene Intersection • Intersections with geometric primitives • Sphere • Triangle • Groups of primitives (scene)

Ray-Triangle Intersection • First, intersect ray with plane • Then, check if point is inside triangle P V P0

Ray-Plane Intersection Ray: P = P0 + tV Plane: P • N + d = 0 Substituting for P, we get: (P0 + tV) • N + d = 0 Solution: t = -(P0 • N + d) / (V • N) P N P = P0 + tV V P0

Ray-Triangle Intersectio • Check if point is inside triangle parametrically T3 Compute a, b: P = a (T2-T1) + b (T3-T1) Check if point inside triangle. 0 a  1 and 0 b  1 a + b  1 P b T1 a T2 V P0

Other Ray-Primitive Intersections • Cone, cylinder, ellipsoid: • Similar to sphere • Box • Intersect 3 front-facing planes, return closest • Convex polygon • Same as triangle (check point-in-polygon algebraically) • Concave polygon • Same plane intersection • More complex point-in-polygon test

Ray Casting – direct illumination • Trace primary rays from camera • Direct illumination from unblocked lights only

Shadows • Shadow term tells if light sources are blocked • Cast ray towards each light source Li • Si = 0 if ray is blocked, Si = 1 otherwise • 0 < Si < 1  soft shadows (hack)

Recursive Ray Tracing – second-order effects • Also trace secondary rays from hit surfaces • Global illumination from mirror reflection and transparency

Mirror reflections • Trace secondary ray in mirror direction • Evaluate radiance along secondary ray and include it into illumination model Radiance for mirror reflection ray IR

Transparency • Trace secondary ray in direction of refraction • Evaluate radiance along secondary ray and include it into illumination model Radiance for refraction ray IT

Transparency • Transparency coefficient is fraction transmitted • KT = 1 for translucent object, KT = 0 for opaque • 0 < KT < 1 for object that is semi-translucent Transparency Coefficient KT

Refractive Transparency • For thin surfaces, can ignore change in direction • Assume light travels straight through surface N Qi L hi hr T Qr Qi T

Refractive Tranparency For solid objects, apply Snell’s law: N Qi L hi hr T Qr

Summary • Ray casting (direct Illumination) • Usually use simple analytic approximations for light source emission and surface reflectance • Recursive ray tracing (global illumination) • Incorporate shadows, mirror reflections, and pure refractions All of this is an approximation so that it is practical to compute More on global illumination later!

CS 445 / 645 Introduction to Computer Graphics

CS 445 / 645 Introduction to Computer Graphics

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