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Plant Classification and Reproduction Overview

Explore the taxonomy and reproductive strategies of seed plants, including gymnosperms and angiosperms. Learn about sporangia, gametophyte protection, and male gametophyte transport in plants. Understand the differences between seedless and seed plants.

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Plant Classification and Reproduction Overview

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  1. Seed Plants BSC 2011L

  2. Seed Vascular Plants • Among plants, these include the gymnosperms and angiosperms

  3. Reproductive differences in seedless vs. seed plants • Sporangia • Seed plants have 2 types: megasporangium, microsporangium • Protection of egg • Non- seed plants utilize an archegonium on the gametophyte to protect egg, sporophyte develops within archegonium • Seed plants protect entire gametophyte within ovule (which will develop into seed) • Transport of male gametophytes • Non-seed plants – use water for flagellated sperm • Seed plants – male gametophyte carried by wind (pollen) • Sporophyte vs. gametophyte • Non-seed – sporophyte dependent on gametophyte • Seed – gametophyte dependent on sporophyte

  4. Plant Taxonomy, continued • Refer to previous PowerPoint for Seedless plant taxonomy • Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Plantae • Phylum Cycadophyta Cycads • Phylum Ginkgophyta Ginkgos • Phylum GnetophytaGnetophyta • Phylum Coniferophyta Conifers • Phylum Anthophyta Flowering Plants • Class EudicotsDicots • Class Monocots Monocots

  5. Gymnosperms • “Naked Seed” • Ovules and seeds of gymnosperm are exposed on cone scale • Microsporangia and megasporangia located on different cones, sometimes different plants • Female cones are larger than male cones

  6. GymnospermsCycads • Cone-bearing, palmlike plants found mainly in tropical and subtropical regions

  7. GymnospermsGinkgos • Only 1 species survives today • Usually only male trees are used since female trees produce smelly seeds

  8. GymnospermsGnetophytes • Can grow as shrubs, trees, or vines

  9. GymnospermsConifers • Largest group of gymnosperms • Evergreens – pines, hemlocks, spruces • Nonevergreens – cypress tree

  10. GymnospermsPine life cycle

  11. GymnospermsPine Cone • Female • Male – small “dots” are pollen

  12. Angiosperms • Dominant plants today • “Flowering Plants” • Microsporangia and Megasporangia located on same flower • Double Fertilization • Mature pollen grain contains 2 sperm • 1 fertilizes egg • Other joins 2 polar nuclei to form endosperm (food for embryo)

  13. AngiospermsMonocots vs. Dicots

  14. Quiz yourself

  15. AngiospermsLife Cycle

  16. AngiospermsSeed Germination

  17. AngiospermsFruits • Develops from ovary • Ovary wall thickens to be pericarp • 3 layers • Exocarp – skin of fruit • Mesocarp – fleshy part • Endocarp – boundary around seed • Review Dichotomous key on page 287

  18. AngiospermsFruits • Simple Fruits (develop from single ovary) • Fleshy fruits • Drupes – cherry • Berries – grape, tomato • Pomes – apple • Dry fruits • Legumes – pea • Samaras – maple • Nuts – oak, walnut • Grains – wheat, corn • Achenes -- sunflower, dandelion • Aggregate Fruits (develop from numerous ovaries within a single flower) • Blackberries • Raspberries • Strawberries • Multiple fruits (develop from a number of ovaries of several flowers) • Pineapples • Mulberries • Figs

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