Chapter 2 Section 2: Egypt’s Old Kingdom

1. Chapter 2 Section 2: Egypt’s Old Kingdom

2. Main Idea Egypt was ruled by all-powerful rulers called pharaohs.

3. The history of Egypt is divided into 3 periods: Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Egypt’s Old Kingdom began in 2600 B.C. and lasted until 2300 B.C.

4. Egypt grew and prospered during the Old Kingdom Egyptians Built Cities Egypt was ruled by kings called pharaohs who lived in palaces Expanded Trade “Pharaoh” is a Greek term which means “great house” Set up a Strong Government

5. Egyptians served Pharaoh because: • Believed the unity of their kingdom • depended on a strong leader • 2. Considered the pharaoh • to be the son of the • god Re • – the sun god and a god on earth

6. People showed honor and respect to the Pharaoh in public by: playing music on flutes and cymbals bowing down to smell the earth or touch their heads to the ground

7. The pharaohs’ word was law and had to be obeyed The Pharaoh appointed officials to: make sure crops were planted control trade and collect tax payments of grain from farmers make sure irrigation canals and grain storehouses were built

8. The pharaoh carried out ritual ceremonies that Egyptians believed helped control their welfare such as: • Riding a sacred bull around the capital city of Memphis to ensure fertility of the soil (bull = symbol of fertility) 2. cutting the first ripe grain to ensure a good harvest.

10. Let’s Review…All about pharaohs Were all-powerful Lived in palaces Carry-out Religious rituals Details about Egyptian pharaohs Considered to be gods on Earth Appointed Government officials

11. Main Idea Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses and in life after death for the pharaohs.

12. Religion was deeply woven into Egyptian culture Egyptians believed many deities or gods and goddesses controlled the forces of nature and human activities

13. The main Egyptian gods included: 1. Re, the sun god who ruled over the rising and setting of the sun, represented the importance of a sunny climate for good harvests

14. 2. Hapi was ruler of the Nile River who represented the importance of water for growing crops.

15. 3. Isis represented the loyal wife and mother who ruled over the deadwith her husbandOsiris, god of the underworld and afterlife.

16. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:“The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

18. THE FAMILY OF THE EGYPTIAN GODS RA SHU TEFNUT NEKHEBET RA GEB NUT HATHOR OSIRIS ISIS SET NEPHTHYS OSIRIS HORUS ANUBIS

20. Egyptian Creation Myth http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/gods/story/main.html The Goddess Nut

21. Life After Death Unlike the Mesopotamians, who imagined a gloomy life after death, the Egyptians thought the afterlife would be a place of peace and plenty

22. Journey to the Underworld The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.” A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb.

23. Egyptian Book of the Dead

24. Egyptian Book of the Dead Read from the Book of the Dead , a collection of spells and prayers that Egyptians studied to obtain life after death. Egyptians believed they must lead a good life and know the magic spells to gain the afterlife.

25. Osiris met the dead in the next world and judged whether to grant them life after death.

26. The Underworld • This scene shows what Egyptians believed happened to the soul after it descended into the Underworld.

28. The Final Judgement Osiris Anubis Horus

29. Egyptians believed it important for the pharaoh’s spirit to reach the next world where he could continue to care for Egypt. Through the embalming process, Egyptians prepared the pharaoh’s body to accept his spirit in the afterlife

31. Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

33. Steps to making a mummy: • remove the brain • remove the lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines and place in canoptic jars 3. wash the body with wine • salt the body with natron and bury it in the desert sands to dry

34. 5. remove the body from the sands, fill it with spices and perfumes, and stitch it closed. 6. cleanse the body with oils 7. wrap the body with long strips of cotton-linen cloth 8. place inside a wooden coffin and put it into a sarcophagus

35. Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

38. Preparation for the Afterlife

39. Egyptian Mummies Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. Seti I1291-1278 B. C. Ramses II1279-1212 B. C.

40. Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

41. Let’s Review…Egyptians’ beliefs hopeful view of life after death Osiris judged whether or not to grant them afterlife Belief in many gods Egyptian Beliefs Pharaoh needed body for afterlife Magic spells needed to gain life after death The Book of the Dead

43. Egyptian Medicine became skilled at sewing up cuts and setting broken bones used herbs and drugs to treat many different illnesses Egyptian doctors world’s first medical books on papyrus scrolls specialists to treat particular parts of the body

44. Egyptian Mummies

45. Pyramids

46. Ancient Egypt The Nile Valley Chapter 2, Section 2 World History Mrs. Thompson

47. Main Idea The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built huge stone pyramids as tombs for their pharaohs.

48. Egyptian tombs

49. Modern Pyramids