A Chain of Causation: Regional Land and Water Management Problems to Tertiary Public Health, Social, and Economic Outcom

1. A Chain of Causation: Regional Land and Water Management Problems to Tertiary Public Health, Social, and Economic Outcomes Conrad Daniel Volz, DrPH, MPH dvolz@eoh.pitt.edu

2. Water Management -The integration of traditional/non-traditional public health issues like: -stormwater drainage. -water quantity and quality. -combined and sanitary sewer overflows, wildcat sewers and failing on-lot systems. -watershed protection and associated development and transportation projects. -flooding.

3. A Framework to Understand How Primary Southwestern Pennsylvania Land and Water Management Related Environmental, Social and Economic Issues Cause Flooding Fatalities/Property Damage and Other Related Tertiary Water Outcomes.

5. Category 1 Primary Regional Land and Water Management Issues Sprawl Lack of Coordinated Water/Land Management Plans Development in Headwaters and Critical Watersheds Inappropriate Transportation Projects Fragmented State, Federal and Local Regulatory Climate Aging/Inadequate Municipal Sewer Infrastructure Fragmentation of Water/Sewer Authorities

6. Primary Category 1 Problems Continued Legacy and Ongoing Industrial Pollution Spills/ Accidental Releases of Toxic/Hazardous Substances Treating Surface and Groundwater as Not Interconnected Water Priced Low Abandoned/Active Mines Household Hazardous Waste Municipal Infighting Over Development Power Plant and Industrial Air Emissions /Deposition and Transport in Water Attitudes/Behaviors Concerning Unlimited Water Use

8. Category 2: Ecological Service Losses Wetland Loss / Riparian Habitat Loss Deforestation Loss of Topsoil and Plant Cover Loss of Natural Drainage Patterns Changes in Large River Flow Characteristics Decrease Reserve Farmland Decrease Groundwater Recharge Stream/Land Erosion Algal Blooms and Fish Kills Uptake of Contaminants in Biota/Foodweb

10. Table 3, Category 3: Water Contamination Problems High Turbidity/Dissolved Solids First Stormsurge Toxic Materials Impervious Topping Compounds Nitrates Low-High pH Oil/Grease Persistent Organic Compounds Combined/ Sanitary Sewer Overflows Increase in Pet Fecal Matter Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels/High BOD

11. Table 3, Category 3: Water Contamination Problems Continued Acid Mine Drainage Methylmercury Organohalogen Compounds Arsenic and Other Heavy Metals

13. Category 4: Secondary Water Management Outcomes Increase Sediments in Surface Water Decreased Production Clean Surface/Groundwater Habitat Loss/Fracture Increased Stormwater/ Snowmelt Runoff Increased Contaminant Loads Surface/Groundwater Flooding ?Confined/Unconfined Aquifers/Storage Ability

14. Category 4: Secondary Water Management Outcomes Continued Human Pathogens in Surface Water (Primary for Recreation) Human Pathogens in Groundwater Increase Potential –Mine Blowouts Consumption of Contaminated Fish Human Exposure- Carcinogens Toxic Substances Endocrine-Active Substances

16. Category 5: Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and Economic Outcomes Property- Flood Damage Flood- Loss of Human Life ? Stormwater Management Costs ?Costs Water Purification ?Human Aesthetic Value ?Recreation Potential ?Economic Growth ?Costs-Flood Protection/Insurance ? in Water Quantity ?Risk Waterborne Pathogen Diseases

17. Category 5: Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and Economic Outcomes Continued Loss of Aquatic/Terrestrial Species ?Risk Cancer/Humans ?Risk Other Environmental Disease

18. Conrad Daniel Volz, DrPH, MPH 1, 2, 3 1Scientific Director, Center for Healthy Environments and Communities (CHEC) 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health (GSPH), University of Pittsburgh 3 Co-Director for Exposure Assessment and Control; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Center for Environmental Oncology (UPCI-CEO)