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Boundless Teaching Platform: Engaging Students with Customizable Textbooks and Teaching Tools

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Boundless Teaching Platform: Engaging Students with Customizable Textbooks and Teaching Tools

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. The Early Middle Ages Early Medieval Europe The Vikings The Carolingians The Ottonians ] Early Medieval Europe Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Early Medieval Europe > The Early Middle Ages The Early Middle Ages • The Early Middle Ages • Architecture under the Merovingians • Anglo-Saxon and Irish Art • Illustrated Books in the Early Middle Ages Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/early-medieval-europe-18/the-early-middle-ages-117/

  6. Early Medieval Europe > The Vikings The Vikings • Norse Ships in the Early European Middle Ages • Jelling Stones • Norse Timber Architecture in the Early European Middle Ages Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/early-medieval-europe-18/the-vikings-121/

  7. Early Medieval Europe > The Carolingians The Carolingians • Carolingian Painting in the Early European Middle Ages • Carolingian Architecture in the Early European Middle Ages • Carolingian Illustrated Books in the Early European Middle Ages • Carolingian Metalwork in the Early European Middle Ages Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/early-medieval-europe-18/the-carolingians-122/

  8. Early Medieval Europe > The Ottonians The Ottonians • Ottonian Painting in the Early European Middle Ages • Ottonian Architecture in the Early European Middle Ages • Ottonian Metalwork in the Early European Middle Ages • Ottonian Illustrated Books in the Early European Middle Ages Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/early-medieval-europe-18/the-ottonians-123/

  9. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Early Medieval Europe Key terms • ambulatoryThe processional around the east end of a cathedral or large church and behind the high altar. • apseA semicircular projection from a building, especially the rounded east end of a church that contains the altar. • Book of KellsAn illuminated manuscript in Latin containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables. It was created by Celtic monks circa 800 or slightly earlier. • capitalThe uppermost part of a column. • Carolingian architectureA style of northern European pre-Romanesque architecture belonging to the period of the late eighth and ninth centuries. It was a conscious attempt to emulate Roman architecture and thus borrowed heavily from early Christian and Byzantine architecture. However, innovations make this a distinct style all its own. • crossingThe junction of the four arms of a cruciform church. • cryptA stone chamber beneath the floor of a church or other building. • frescoA technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment and as the plaster sets, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. • historiatedDecorated with designs representing scenes from the text. • iconographyThe branch of art history that deals with the symbolic value of an artwork's subject matter and content. • iconographyPertaining to the symbolic value of the subject matter or content of an artwork. • illuminated manuscriptA book in which the text is supplemented by decoration, such as initials, borders (marginalia), and miniature illustrations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Early Medieval Europe • illuminated manuscriptsA book in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. In the most strict definition of the term, this refers to books decorated with gold or silver, but in both common usage and modern scholarship, the term is now used to refer to any decorated or illustrated book from the Western traditions. • imperiumThe right to command the force of the state; sovereignty. • Insular ArtArt produced in the post-Roman history of the British Isles, also known as Hiberno-Saxon art. The term derives from the Latin term for island. Britain and Ireland shared a common style that differed from that of the rest of Europe in this period. • Insular ArtArt produced in the post-Roman history of the British Isles, also known as Hiberno-Saxon art. The term derives from the Latin term for island. Britain and Ireland shared a common style that differed from that of the rest of Europe. • lectionaryA book or listing that contains a collection of scripture readings appointed for Christian or Judaic worship on a given day or occasion. • liturgical bookA book published by the authority of a church containing the text and directions for the liturgy or customary public worship of its official religious services. • long houseA structure typically consisting of one large room,  intended to house the elite members of society. • Merovingian dynastyA Frankish family who ruled parts of present-day France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and parts of Germany from the mid-fifth century to the mid-eighth century. • MetalworkThe process of working with metal to create individual parts, assemblies, or large-scale structures. The term covers a wide range, from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts and delicate jewelry, and a corresponding range of skills, processes, and tools. • mosaicA piece of artwork created by placing colored squares (usually tiles) in a pattern so as to create a picture. • MozarabicArt of Iberian Christians living in Al-Andalus, the Muslim-conquered territories, after the Arab invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (711 CE) to the end of the 11th century. These people adopted some Arab customs without converting to Islam, preserving their religion and some ecclesiastical and judicial autonomy. • naveThe middle or body of a church, extending from the transepts to the principal entrances. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Early Medieval Europe • Oseberg ShipA well-preserved Viking vessel discovered in a large burial mound in Norway. • palisadeA fence or wall made from wooden stakes or tree trunks, used as a defensive structure or enclosure. • parchmentA material made from the polished skin of a calf, sheep, goat or other animal, used as writing paper. • psalterThe Book of Psalms, often applied to a book containing the Psalms separately printed. • scriptoriumA room in a monastery set aside for the copying, writing, or illuminating of manuscripts and records. • sillA horizontal member bearing the upright portion of a frame. • spoliaThe repurposing of building stone for new construction or the reuse of decorative sculpture on new monuments. • Stave ChurchA medieval wooden structure with post-and-beam construction related to timber framing. The wall frames are filled with vertical planks. This building technique is named after wood-bearing posts. • the Baptistery at Saint-Leonce of FréjusA structure that highlights the influence of Syrian technique on Merovingian architecture. • the basilica of Saint Martin at ToursOne of the most famous examples of Merovingian church architecture, built at the beginning of the dynasty's reign. • The Jelling StonesMassive carved runestones from the 10th century found at the town of Jelling in Denmark. • timberA heavy wooden beam, generally a whole log that has been squared off and used to provide heavy support for something such as a roof. Historically also used in the plural, as in ship's timbers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Early Medieval Europe • triforiumA shallow arched gallery within the thickness of an inner wall, above the nave of a church or cathedral. • westworkThe main entrance of a church, named for its (usually) west-facing orientation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Early Medieval Europe Hedal stave church portal Drawing by G. A. Bull of the main portal in Hedalen stave church (c. 1853), depicting the intricate ornamentation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."502px-Hedal_stavkirke_portal.jpg."Public domainhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hedal_stavkirke_portal.jpg/502px-Hedal_stavkirke_portal.jpgView on Boundless.com

  15. Early Medieval Europe Saint Gregory Disputing with Paulus Diaconus (c. 825). Church of St. Benedict, Mals, Italy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com WikiVisually."640px-Scenes_of_saints27_lives.jpg."Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Scenes_of_saints%27_lives.jpg/640px-Scenes_of_saints%27_lives.jpgView on Boundless.com

  16. Early Medieval Europe Palatine Chapel at Aachen, interior view The surviving mosaics begin above eye level at the piers or arches and span upward into the dome. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."439px-Aix_dom_int_vue_cote.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aix_dom_int_vue_cote.jpg/439px-Aix_dom_int_vue_cote.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. Early Medieval Europe The Book of Kells This example from the manuscript (folio 292r) shows the lavishly decorated section that opens the Gospel of John. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."KellsFol292rIncipJohn."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Early Medieval Europe Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel at Aachen (consecrated 805 CE). The Palatine Chapel is an example of Charlemegne's attempt to revive the values of the Roman Empire under the banner of Christianity. While the plan predates the cruciform basilica, it revives the classical round arch and heavy stone masonry as well as the east-facing apse of Late Antiquity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."AachenChapelDB.svg.png."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Chapel,_Aachen#/media/File:AachenChapelDB.svgView on Boundless.com

  19. Early Medieval Europe Beatus World Map The world map from the Saint-Sever Beatus, measuring 37 x 57 cm. This was painted c. 1050 as an illustration to Beatus's work at the Abbey of Saint-Sever in Aquitaine, on the order of Gregori de Montaner, Abbot from 1028 to 1072. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."beatus-map.jpeg."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beatus_map.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Early Medieval Europe Beatus of Liébana. Judgement of Babylon. From Beatus Apocalypse. Depicts Babylon on fire using Insular art illumination forms, influenced by Arabic geometric designs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."b-facundus-233vd-c3-a9t.jpeg."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B_Facundus_233vd%C3%A9t.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Early Medieval Europe The Stockholm Codex Aureus The evangelist portrait from the Stockholm Codex Aureus, one of the "Tiberius Group," that shows the Insular style and classicizing continental styles that combined and competed in early Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."ureuscanterburyfolios9v10r.jpeg."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CodexAureusCanterburyFolios9v10r.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Early Medieval Europe Book of Kells: Folio 27v Folio 27v contains the symbols of the Four Evangelists (clockwise from top left): a man (Matthew), a lion (Mark), an eagle (John), and an ox (Luke). The Evangelists are placed in a grid and enclosed in an arcade, as is common in the Mediterranean tradition. However, notice the elaborate geometric and stylized ornamentation in the arcade that highlights the Insular aesthetic. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."KellsFol027v4Evang."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KellsFol027v4Evang.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Early Medieval Europe Osberg Ship Head Post Animal head post found in the Oseberg ship. Viking Ship Museum, Oslo, Norway. The exact function of the head post is unknown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."oseberg-ship-head-post.jpeg."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oseberg_ship_head_post.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Early Medieval Europe Oseberg Ship This detail from the Oseberg ship demonstrates the elaborate woodcarving designs used as ornamentation on the bow and front of the ship. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Osebergskipet-Detail."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osebergskipet-Detail.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Early Medieval Europe "Buddha Bucket" The so-called "Buddha bucket" (Buddha-bøtte), brass and cloisonné enamel ornament of a bucket (pail) handle in the shape of a figure sitting with crossed legs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Buckle from Oseberg Vikingship Buddha."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buckle_from_Oseberg_Vikingship_Buddha.JPGView on Boundless.com

  26. Early Medieval Europe Cover of the Codex Aureus Gold and gem-encrusted cover of the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram, 870. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 14000. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Codex Aureus Sankt Emmeram."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codex_Aureus_Sankt_Emmeram.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Early Medieval Europe John the Evangelist page from the Lindisfarne Gospels (c. 635 CE) As is common in early medieval art, the figures in this page appear flat and stylized. The bench on which John sits does not recede realistically into the space behind him. Modeling is kept to a minimum, and the clothing that John wears does not acknowledge the body beneath. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."360px-Lindisfarne_Gospels_folio_209v.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2647377View on Boundless.com

  28. Early Medieval Europe Baptistery at Saint-Léonce of Fréjus The Baptistery at the cathedral at Saint-Léonce of Fréjus reflects the Syrian and Armenian influences on early Merovingian architecture (demonstrated by the cupola on pillars). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Frejuscathedrale."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frejuscathedrale.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Early Medieval Europe Viking Long House Reconstructed long house in the Viking Museum in Borg, Vestvågøy/Lofoten, Norway. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."640px-Borg_VestvC3A5gC3B8y_LC0165.jpg."CC BY-SA 2.0 Germanyhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg/640px-Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Early Medieval Europe Fragments of Carolingian-era frescoes (early ninth century), St. John at Müstair Art historian Dr. Bernd Schälicke examines the Carolingian frescoes on the north wall of the Benedictine Monastery Church of St. John at Müstair. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."378px-St_Johann_-_21.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/St_Johann_-_21.jpg/378px-St_Johann_-_21.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Early Medieval Europe Jesus and the Gadarene Swine (tenth century) Nave fresco in St George, Oberzell, Reichenau Island. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."612px-Reichenau_Oberzell_Fresko1.jpeg."Public domainhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Reichenau_Oberzell_Fresko1.jpeg/612px-Reichenau_Oberzell_Fresko1.jpegView on Boundless.com

  32. Early Medieval Europe Replica of Harald’s Stone This plaster-cast replica gives us an idea of the original polychromatic appearance of the Jelling Stones. National Museum of Denmark Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."512px-The_Jelling_Stone_-_VIKING_exhibition_at_the_National_Museum_of_Denmark_-_Photo_The_National_Museum_of_Denmark_(9084035770).jpg."CC BY-SA 2.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26755810View on Boundless.com

  33. Early Medieval Europe Animal relief on Harald’s Stone The drawing of this stone depicts a colorful, stylized animal that bears a striking resemblance to similar forms found in the British Isles, such as in the hoard found at Sutton Hoo. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Jelling-grosses-tier.gif."CC BY-SA 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Jelling-grosses-tier.gifView on Boundless.com

  34. Early Medieval Europe Palatine Chapel in Aachen, interior view The Palatine Chapel in Aachen (792-805) demonstrates the Byzantine influence on Carolingian architecture, evidenced by its octagonal style. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Aachener dom oktagon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aachener_dom_oktagon.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Early Medieval Europe Corvey Abbey The westwork is the only surviving architectural component of the original Carolingian monastery. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."360px-Corvey_Westwerk_2.jpg."CC BY 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Corvey_Westwerk_2.jpg/360px-Corvey_Westwerk_2.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. Early Medieval Europe Lorsch Gospels Ivory book cover with carvings. The Lorsch Gospels reflect its origin in the Court School of Charlemagne with its Late Antiquity Imperial scenes adapted to a Christian theme. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Codexaureus 02."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codexaureus_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Early Medieval Europe Charles the Bald, from the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram (c. 870). Depiction of Charles the Bald enthroned, surrounded by angels and saints. The Hand of God reaches down from beneath the red canopy, hovering over the emperor's head. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."444px-Karl_II_der_Kahle.jpg."Public domainhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Karl_II_der_Kahle.jpg/444px-Karl_II_der_Kahle.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Early Medieval Europe Ultrecht Psalter From the Utrecht Psalter, ninth century. Naturalistic and energetic figurine line drawings were entirely new and became the most influential innovation of Carolinian art in later periods. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Utrecht 15v 2."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Utrecht_15v_2.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Early Medieval Europe Saint Matthew, from the Ebbo Gospels (816-835) Portrait of Matthew, depicting him sitting and writing in the foreground. The wavy lines that form the details on Matthew's clothing and the diagonal lines adding detail to the background and foreground are examples of the energetic subject matter in the Ebbo Gospels. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."434px-Saint_Matthew2.jpg."Public domainhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Saint_Matthew2.jpg/434px-Saint_Matthew2.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. Early Medieval Europe Bern Physiologus, Folio 12v (825-850). Image of the text and drawings from the Bern Physiologus, showing the miniatures drawn unframed into the text block. This is typical of late Antique manuscripts, leading scholars to believe that it is a copy of a fifth-century original. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."BernPhysiologusFol12v.jpg."Public domainhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/BernPhysiologusFol12v.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. Early Medieval Europe Drogo Sacramentary Drogo Sacramentary (c. 850) depicts a historiated initial "C" which contains the Ascension of Christ. The text is in gold ink. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."DrogoSacramentaryFol71vAscension."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DrogoSacramentaryFol71vAscension.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Early Medieval Europe St. Cyriakus, interior The painted ceilings were added during the 19th-century renovation, which also lined most of the walls with cut stone panels. The original Ottonian walls featured rough quarry stone masonry. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."400px-Gernrode_interieur_naar_het_westen.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gernrode_interieur_naar_het_westen.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Early Medieval Europe St. Michael's at Hildesheim, interior facing east. Major differences between St. Michael's and St. Cyriakus are the clerestory windows in place of galleries and one pier placed after each pair of columns. The round arches at the east end of the divide the nave from the crossing and the crossing from the apse. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."450px-Hildesheim-St_Michaels_Church.interior.01.JPG."Public domainhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hildesheim-St_Michaels_Church.interior.01.JPG/450px-Hildesheim-St_Michaels_Church.interior.01.JPGView on Boundless.com

  44. Early Medieval Europe Plan of St. Cyriakus at Gernrode This plan shows the apse at both the west and east ends of the church, with a single transept dividing the nave from the east apse. The black circles and rectangles between the nave and each aisle mark the alternating columns (circles) and piers (rectangles). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."640px-Dehio_47_Gernrode.jpg."Public domainhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dehio_47_Gernrode.jpg/640px-Dehio_47_Gernrode.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Early Medieval Europe Church of St. Cyriakus, Gernrode, exterior St. Cyriakus is one of the few surviving examples of Ottonian architecture and combines Carolingian elements with innovations that anticipated Romanesque architecture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Abbey Church of Gernrode."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Church_of_GernrodeView on Boundless.com

  46. Early Medieval Europe Plan of a typical Western basilican church The arrow at the left marks the entrance to the church. Main seating for worshipers is located in the nave, while the aisles were originally used to accommodate large crowds on feast days. As churches began collecting relics (housed in the chapels) that attracted pilgrims, churches added the ambulatory. This connects the aisles to the chapels behind the choir, where clergy members perform their rituals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."640px-Transeptarm.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica#/media/File:Transeptarm.PNGView on Boundless.com

  47. Early Medieval Europe Sutton Hoo helmet (reconstruction) The Sutton Hoo helmet features an iron skull of a single vaulted shell and has a full face mask, a solid neck guard, and deep cheekpieces. These features suggest an English origin for the basic structure of the helmet. Although outwardly similar to the Swedish examples, the Sutton Hoo helmet is a product of better craftsmanship. This reconstruction in the Royal Armouries shows the intricate jeweled inlay, repoussé reliefs, and abstract designs that once adorned the original. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."451px-Sutton_Hoo_helmet_reconstructed.jpg."CC BY-SA 2.5https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sutton_Hoo_helmet_reconstructed.jpg/451px-Sutton_Hoo_helmet_reconstructed.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Early Medieval Europe Tara Brooch, front view Created in about 700 CE, the seven-inch long pseudo-penannular brooch is composed primarily of silver gilt and embellished with intricate abstract decoration including interlace on both the front and back. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."450px-Ireland_2010_etc_029_28229.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ireland_2010_etc_029_%282%29.jpg/450px-Ireland_2010_etc_029_%282%29.jpgView on Boundless.com

  49. Early Medieval Europe Sutton Hoo Purse Lid This ornamental purse lid covered a lost leather pouch, hung from a waist belt. The forms on the top row feature interlace typical of Insular art, while the bottom row features stylized humans and mythical animals either devouring or being devoured. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."640px-Sutton_hoo_28129.JPG."CC BY-SA 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sutton_hoo_%281%29.JPG/640px-Sutton_hoo_%281%29.JPGView on Boundless.com

  50. Early Medieval Europe Codex Aureus of Echternach (c. 980s) Front cover of the Codex. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."456px-CodexAureusEpternacDEckel.JPG."CC BY-SAhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CodexAureusEpternacDEckel.JPG/456px-CodexAureusEpternacDEckel.JPGView on Boundless.com

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