CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICT

1. CONSEQUENCESOFCONFLICT

2. Land confiscation • The New Zealand government confiscated Maori land as a punishment for the wars. • This was George Grey’s idea but was widely supported by other British officials. • Land was confiscated under the 1863 New Zealand Settlement act. • British soldiers were settled on the land. However, these military settlements were a disappointment

3. After the battle of Gate Pa 290 000 acres were confiscated Waikato lost 1 202 172acres of fertile land Taranaki had 1 275 000 acres confiscated

4. A NEW KIND OF WAR • Land confiscations led to a new outbreak of hostilities. • Some of the renewed fighting was now associated with religion.

5. PAI MARIRE (Hauhauism) • Pai Marire meaning Good and Peaceful was founded by Te Ua Haumene of Taranaki. • It was a combination of traditional Maori religion and Te Ua’s interpretation of the Bible. • He taught his followers that Maori were Jews, descendants of one of the lost tribes of Israel and that god would restore them to their own lands.

6. Te Ua preached peace. However, some of his followers followed the god of war. • Europeans accused it of adding a vicious element to Maori resistance. • At its peak hauhauism had 10 000 followers. • An outbreak of fighting in Taranaki in 1864 was attributed to hauhauism. • The growth of Pai Marire also led to conflict on the East Coast in 1865 & 1866.

7. Hauhau prisoners captured at Wereroa Pa, Waitotara, Wanganui

8. Te Kooti • Te Kooti was both a military and spiritual leader. • His ringatu religion, established a code of conduct and was the most influential of the new religions. • Te Kooti could read and write English. This familiarity with Pakeha helped him anticipate their manoeuvres.

9. THE RAIDS • Motivated by revenge and wanting loot Te Kooti raided Poverty Bay then Whakatane. 29 Europeans and 22 Maori were killed and many prisoners were taken. 2. In Jan 1869 Te Kooti’s pa at Ngatapa was captured by a combined kupapa and colonial force. Te Kooti got away but lost two thirds of his men. 3. Expeditions to capture Te Kooti were unsuccessful. He spent time evading capture in the Ureweras with help from Tuhoe 4. Eventually with a £1500 price on his head, he went to the King country where he made peace. In 1883 he was pardoned.

10. Titokowaru was a chief of the Ngati Ruanui based in the Taranaki region. Like Te Kooti, Titokowaru was both a military and spiritual leader. Titokowaru started out by promoting passive resistance by campaigning for peace. Eventually after further land confiscation peace was impossible and Ngati Ruanui dismantled survey equiptment and huts, burned fences and harrased the new settlers. After the death of 3 settlers colonial forces attacked. TITOKOWARU’S WAR

11. Artist Kennett Watkins view of the death of Von Tempsky at the hands of Titokowaru’s men. It trivializes his defences. Most of his men did not stand around in trees or crouch behind logs. They concealed themselves in purpose built firing positions.

12. Military Genius • Titokowaru’s forces were outnumbered 12 to 1 by colonial forces. However, by a series of carefully planned raids and ambushes Titokowaru had recaptured an 80 mile area along the banks of the Wanganui river. • This led to the government having to consider making peace with Te Kooti so their forces could be concentrated on Titokowaru.

13. The Outcome • In February 1869 colonial forces advanced and Titokowaru’s resistance collapsed. He abandoned his pa with out a fight. • Some historians believe this was either due to a shortage of ammunition or an affair with another's chief’s wife. Titokowaru had lost his mana and was no longer a useful ally. • It is unknown where Titokowaru went. It was considered too risky to try and capture him.

14. PARIHAKA

15. A Peaceful retreat About 10kms from the coast Surrounded by dense, bird filled bush Healthy lifestyle, no disease Some aspects of European life allowed such as education and medicine Hundreds of acres of crops European visitors are welcome

16. Parihaka in 1881 was the largest Maori community in New Zealand. They supported themselves by farming.

17. Passive Resistance • Te Whiti felt that the confiscation of land was unfair. He was annoyed that the government had not kept their promise to set aside reserves for the Maori people. • When the government opened up land near Parihaka for Pakeha settlement Te Whiti developed a policy to put pressure on the government.

18. Each day two men with a team of horses went out from Parihaka to plough up the land of the nearby Pakeha farmers. • As each pair was arrested another two people were sent. Eventually some reserves were promised. • Before this happened the government made another attempt to survey the land. Te Whiti’s people pulled the survey pegs out of the ground. • Maori people from all over the North Island went to Parihaka in support of the protesting.

19. Pakeha reaction • The government was worried because Titokowaru was at Parihaka and Te Whiti was proving illusive. • The government decided they needed to be taught a lesson and sent 1500 troops to Parihaka in Nov 1881. • On Te Whiti’s instruction the people of the village offered no resistance to the Europeans.

20. The outcome • Te Whiti, Tohu and Titokowaru were arrested and held without trial. • After being held for 6 months Te Whiti and Tohu were sent to exile in the South Island for 1 year. • On there return they rebuilt Parihaka and continued their protesting against the government.

21. My friend, My friend, I hate to see you suffer, Events conspire to bring us to our knees, My friend, my friend, you've taken this the wrong way, Rise up, defend yourself, never give in, Look to the sky, the spirit of Te Whiti, The endless tide is murmuring his name. I know Te Whiti will never be defeated, And even at the darkest hour, His presence will remain. I'll sing for you a song of Parihaka. Te Whiti he used the language of the spirit, Then stood accused, the madman and his dream, He saw the train go roaring through the tunnel, He heard the voice travel on the magic wire, But he loved the silence of the river, He watched the dog piss on the cannon's wheel. I know Te Whiti will never be defeated, And even at the darkest hour, His presence will remain. I'll sing for you a song of Parihaka  One day you'll know the truth, They can't pull out the roots, Come and take me home, To weep for my lost brother. They gather still, the clouds of Taranaki, His children's children wearing the white plume, So take me for the sins of these sad islands, The wave still breaks on the rock of Rouhotu. And when you taste the salt that's on your pudding, And when you taste the sugar in your soup, Think of Te Whiti, he'll never be defeated, Even at the darkest hour, His presence will remain, I'll sing for you a song of Parihaka, Come to Parihaka, Weep for my lost brother, The spirit of nonviolence, Has come to fill the silence, Come to Parihaka. Parihaka – Tim Finn & Herbs

22. The end