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Lesson twelve. Presentation, Group six, Topic: Streaming Summary writing Main points of “Bourbon to Binary” Text discussion. Evaluation. Recordings can be picked up from the box outside my office You will get a mail when you can pick them up ( beginning of next week )
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Lesson twelve • Presentation, Group six, Topic: Streaming • Summary writing • Main points of “Bourbon to Binary” • Text discussion
Evaluation • Recordingscan be pickedup from the box outside my office • Youwill get a mail whenyoucan pick themup (beginningofnextweek) • Look at the recordings and note whatyoudidwell and whatcould be improved, seecompendium p124. • As a groupwriteone page ofcomments on yourperformance, individually and as a group. • Feedback session at the beginningofnext period.
Summary writingProcess p129 1. Identify the main purpose of the text. 2. Where and/or how is that purpose formulated in the text? What is that statement? 3. Underline the main supporting ideas/arguments/causes. 4. What are the logical connections between the various main points you have selected? 5. Decide which supporting details you wish to include from the original. 6. Reformulate the main and supporting ideas in your own words. 7. Write a first draft.
Summary writingProduct p130 1. Include the overall purpose, i.e. the controlling idea 2. Include he main supporting points 3. Use your own vocabulary 4. Be as objective as possible and do not comment on the original 5. Make the summary coherent. Indicate how various facts are related to each other and the controlling idea 6. Give the reader, who has not read the original text, an adequate understanding of the nature and development of the ideas in that text.
Whey to greener electricity (743 words) IT MAY seem ridiculous, but in the hunt for sources of alternative energy researchers have come up with fuel cells which are powered by cheese—or at least whey, a by-product in cheese making. Usually fuel cells run on hydrogen, but the aim of the research is to allow factories to recover energy from waste products like whey by converting organic materials directly into electricity. Whey is rich in lactose, a sugar which Georgia Antonopoulou, a biochemical engineer at the University of Patras, Greece, says can be consumed by cultures of bacteria contained within a fuel cell in order to generate an electric current. Microbial fuel cells, as they are known, are not a new idea but only in the past few years have they attracted attention as a way of both dealing with raw waste water and generating electricity at the same time. The organic content of whey can pose an environmental hazard and many governments now impose strict regulations requiring factories to pay for its treatment before disposal. Whey constitutes about 70% of the volume of the milk used to make cheese, says Dr Antonopoulou. So, just one small feta facility will need to dispose of as much as 4,000 tonnes of whey in a single year, she says. Microbial fuel cells could help, and not just in the cheese-making industry. Breweries, pig farms, food-processing plants and even works dealing with domestic sewage could gain from the technology. Traditional fuel cells work by using a catalytic material to oxidise a fuel, such as hydrogen, turning it into a positively charged ion and a negative electron. The positive ions are drawn to a second electrode, via a membrane or electrolyte that will not allow electrons to pass through. This forces the freed electrons to travel to the second electrode through a wire, creating an electric current. Microbial fuel cells function in much the same way except that the catalytic reactions are carried out by bacteria contained within the fuel-cell chamber. Under anaerobic conditions (where oxygen is absent) they metabolise the fuel by feeding off it and in doing so produce natural chemical reactions that cause ions to be released, allowing a current to flow. In theory microbial fuel cells can run on just about any kind of organic matter, says Chris Melhuish, head of the Bristol Robotics Laboratory, England. “All you have to do is match the microbial culture with the type of stuff you want to use as fuel,” he says. Dr Melhuish has spent some years trying to power robots on domestic waste water, but getting it right can be tricky. Ideally you would want to use cheap and nasty raw-waste products, he says. But traditionally the fuel cells work best when fed a refined fuel in the form of solutions containing synthetic sugars, such as glucose. However, Dr Antonopoulouhas now shown that, using a culture of bacteria obtained from her local waste water plant, it is possible to get almost as much power from raw whey as from refined fuel, provided the whey is diluted. The trouble is the power output still only amounts to milliwatts, barely enough to trickle-charge a cellphone. And working with raw waste water also presents challenges. Initially Dr Antonopoulou and her colleagues found that the coulombic efficiency of their cells—a measure of how many electrons produced actually flow into a circuit—was particularly low, at around just 2%. This turned out to be because a second set of microbes, within the whey itself, was absorbing them. So, by sterilising the whey first to kill these other bugs they have now boosted the coulombic efficiency to around 25%. And they say that the total power of the device should improve further with a new design within the fuel chamber that increases the surface area of the electrodes. One of the biggest obstacles is a lack of investment to develop materials that would work with this kind of fuel cell. As things stand, researchers like Dr Antononpoulou and Dr Melhuish have to use electrodes designed with traditional fuel cells in mind. If the various hurdles can be overcome and the technology can be scaled up to industrial levels, then there is the potential for microbial fuel cells to start generating as much power as the anaerobic digesters that are beginning to be used by industry to produce gas from waste material. Given time, then, the technology can only mature; just like a good cheese.
Main points • Organic waste products can be used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells. One such product is whey, produced in cheese making. • Governments are passing laws that require companies to deal with their waste. The microbial fuel cells can be a solution to this, by both taking care of waste products and generating electricity. • The fuel cells work like normal fuel cells except the catalytic process is preformed by bacteria. When the fuel is metabolised by bacteria a chemical reaction releases ions which create an electric current. • Any type of organic material can be used in microbial fuel cells but they work best with refined fuel. However, the aim is to make use of inexpensive and unrefined waste matter. • Dr Antonopoulou and her team have been able to successfully use unrefined materials and increase the efficiency of raw waste by killing off competing microbes that absorbed electrons. • A problem is the small electrical output generated. The research is hindered by a lack of investments which slows down the technological innovation. However, if these obstacles can be removed enough energy can be produced for it to be useful in the industry.
Summary In the article “The whey to greener electricity” published in the Economist online on 17 May, it is reported that organic waste products can be used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells. An example of such waste is whey, produced when making cheese. The advantage of using organic waste as fuel … The fuel cells work like normal fuel cells except … Microbial fuel cells work best with refined fuel, but … The research is hindered by a lack of investments which …
Bourbon to binary – questions and vocabulary John Atanasoff was agonising over his stalled idea for a machine to solve algebraic equations. What do we usually associate the verb stall with? What is a stall? If you are exasperated, how do you feel?
What is the meaning of the following words in the context of the article: write a new sentence to show the meaning and use.
What is the opposite of innumerable parts? • What is the opposite of dingy basement? • What is the opposite of dismantling something? • What do we call a piece of equipment that collects and stores electricity? • What is a virtual monopoly?
“...the judge ruled that ENIAC's patent was invalid because its inventors had derived their ideas from Atanasoff”. Can you express this in a simpler, less formal way? • Sperry Rand decided not to appeal. What did they decide not to do? • What is an outlandish exaggeration? • What sort of comment is a withering comment?
If a question nags, what does it do? What do we usually associate the verb to nag with? What is a nag? • If you resist a temptation, do you do something you would like to do or do you choose not to do it. • If something is priceless is it valuable or worthless?
Assignment Assignment: Write a first draft of a summary of “From bourbon to binary” • Extract the main points from the text “From bourbon to binary” as described in the document “Guided working process for summary writing” • Write a summary that is no more than 250 words long. • You should bring with you three copies of the draft for lesson fourteen for peer response.
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