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The Rise of Railroads: Key Innovations and Figures from 1860 to 1900

This chapter explores the transformative impact of railroads in the United States from 1860 to 1900, highlighting the expansion from 30,000 to 250,000 miles of track. Key figures such as railroad baron Cornelius Vanderbilt and innovators like George Westinghouse and Eli H. Janney played significant roles in advancing railroad technology. Innovations included air brakes, couplers for train cars, and refrigerated cars, which revolutionized transportation. The chapter examines the consolidation of rail companies and the westward migration of industries reliant on rail infrastructure.

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The Rise of Railroads: Key Innovations and Figures from 1860 to 1900

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  1. Chapter 19 Section 1 Railroads Lead the Way

  2. 1860 – 30,000 miles of railroad 1900 – 250,000 miles of railroad

  3. consolidation: The practice of combining separate companies in the industry. railroad barons Cornelius Vanderbilt New York

  4. Biltmore Estate Ashville, North Carolina

  5. Tracks – Made of iron and then steel Steel was made from carbon and iron Wood: for the railway ties

  6. standard gauge: The width of the track which was 4 feet, 8.5 inches

  7. George Westinghouse Devised the air brakes that improved the stopping of trains.

  8. Eli H. Janney Invented the coupler to connect the train car.

  9. Gustavus Swift Invented the refrigerated car.

  10. George M. Pullman Invented the sleeping car which was a luxury railway car with seats that converted into beds for overnight travel. Also improved dining cars.

  11. Flour milling industry moved west. Agricultural equipment manufacturing moved westward from New York.

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