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Asc. Prof. Irena Kallço, PhD. Ilir Niçko,

Urban Air Quality In Korça Town And Its Effects In Population Health. Asc. Prof. Irena Kallço, PhD. Ilir Niçko, Vasilika Petri, Jani Bukuroshi, Agriculture Faculty, “Fan S. Noli” University of Korça, Albania. Introduction.

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Asc. Prof. Irena Kallço, PhD. Ilir Niçko,

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  1. Urban Air Quality In Korça Town And Its Effects In Population Health Asc. Prof. Irena Kallço, PhD. Ilir Niçko, Vasilika Petri, Jani Bukuroshi,Agriculture Faculty, “Fan S. Noli” University of Korça, Albania

  2. Introduction One of the major problems of population health is the air quality, which is one of the determinants factors in population health. • Korça town is situated in the southeastern part of Albania.  • It is located at 860 m height above sea level.  • Residential population of the city is 56 000 inhabitants. • The district has 154 villages with 86 000 inhabitants.  • Area of the city is 14. 48 km2.  • Length of the boulevards with heavy traffic is 4.9 km.  • Green area is 3 m2/ inhabitant. 

  3. Introduction • The climate is continental.  • The relative humidity (RH) at present moment is 52% from 65% that has been before the trees of the hilly area, surrounding the town, were damaged. • Average wind speed is at 5 m/s.  • Dominant wind direction is the north west in winter and southwest in summer. • The amount of rainfall • for the year 2007 was 1100 mm, • for the 2008 it was 1131 mm, • and for the 2009 it was 1182 mm, • in abundant quantities, but disproportionate during and among the years.

  4. Introduction Sources of urban air pollution were two, • the mobile sources and • fixed sources. In the fixed sources were included • the industrial polluters, • municipal sector, • institutions and the remaining soil from the construction of the town waterworks. In the mobile sources of pollution were included • soils of construction firms and • pollutions by 15 000 vehicles of which, • 13 000 vehicles operate with diesel and • 2000 vehicles with benzene.

  5. Material and methods The method of this study consists on air sampling by active and passive methods. • The first sampling point was set at the building of Laboratory of Public Health Directory, • and the second sampling point was set at the City Public Library.  • From the laboratory point in height 6 m, • by the active method were taken air samples for DM10 -6 days a month, • SSM -6 days per month, • SO2-8 hours per month, • NO2-18 hours per month.

  6. Material and methods • By the passive method air samples were taken • for NO2 -15 days per month, • O3 -15 days per month. • The same air sampling is carried out at the Library point, by the same passive method. • The samples were analyzed at the laboratory of air analysis in the Institute of Public Health, in Tirana. • For the frequency of the diseases, records were collected from the Directory of Public Health. • For our study purpose, some comparisons were made.

  7. Figure 1. The Korça town air sampling points.

  8. Results and discussions Data records collected in the area of study are represented in the table nr 1. Table nr 1. The results table for six air polluters in Korça town, for the period 2001-2007. (Results are expressed in microgram / m3).

  9. Table nr 2. The ratio of records compared to the norms settled by EU norms and WHO recommendations.

  10. Referring to EU norms the 2009 recorded the highest level of pollution for dusts, SSM 228 μg/m3 and the record of 2009 for DM10 93 μg/m3, • due to town road construction and • installation of sewerage pipes.

  11. Graphic nr 1. The SSM, DM10, records and EU norms &WHO recommendations.

  12. If, we refer to the British classification for air pollution, Korça air quality is classified in the group of high pollution by DM10 belonging to index 8 for the study period 2001-2009. • Furthermore, the frequency measurement of DM10 of 72 days per year we consider insufficient, remaining without monitoring for about 293 days.

  13. Graphic nr 2. The SO2, NO2, O3, records and EU norms & WHO recommendations.

  14. The SO2, NO2, O3, records are still low, It is explained by the fact that: • the number of cars and factories using fuels is still relatively low, although the quality of them in general could be doubtful. • Some measures were taken in the Korça town with the implementation of reconstruction sewerage project, which will optimize road infrastructure and reduce air pollution from dust. • Another costless way is by planting decorative trees increasing the green areas within and outside the town.

  15. The effect of long-term exposure to high levels of pollution on the health The next point of view of this study has been the effect of long-term exposure to high levels of pollution on health in general (table nr 3).Table 3. The frequency of the most common diseases caused by pollution.

  16. Town population has been exposed for too many years (more than a decade) to a high dose of pollution by DM10 of 81 μg/m3 and has accumulated it into the breathing apparatus.  • The WHO map of deaths from urban air pollution classifies Albania at the high risk zone with 150 to 200 deaths a year per 1’000’000 inhabitants. • DM10 has affected to cardio-vascular mortality in the city compared to the village, but it has not affected on the morbidity of this disease because • the main causes for cardiovascular diseases, are • stresses, • disorders of food diet • and smoking. • According to our surveys the ratio goes from 1,81 times higher for cardiovascular diseases to 2,4 times higher for the morbidity of asthma and respiratory apparatus for the patients living closer to the pollution source (in town).

  17. Graphic nr 3. The magnitude of human diseases expressed in urban and rural areas and their ratio.

  18. Graphic nr 4. The percentage of patients with bronchial asthma that were visited in the urgency of town hospital.

  19. Conclusions • For the period 2001-2009 the air of Korça town has been exposed to a SSM pollution 2,16 times higher compared to the norms of European Union and 2,88 times higher compared to the recommendations of World Health Organization (WHO). • For the same period of study (2001-2009) the air of Korça town area has been exposed to a DM10 pollution 2,03 times higher compared to the norms of European Union and 2,7 times higher compared to the recommendations of World Health Organization (WHO). • For the SO2, NO2 and Pb parameters, levels of these gases released by cars and industrial plants, on the air don’t make any problem for the air quality of Korça area, because, the records are much lower than parameters settled by the norms of European Union and recommendations of World Health Organization (WHO)*(Table 2).

  20. Conclusions • Main sources of pollution in Korça area seemed to have been public works such as waterworks, roads pavements, sewerage, constructions and local industrial solids. • The percentage of patients with bronchial asthma that were visited in the urgency of town hospital was 36,7% in rural areas compared to 63,3% of patients living in town, due to the fact that the pollution in urban area is higher than that of rural areas.

  21. Bibliography • A.G. Kezessis and coll. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology. 3. No.4. P. 779-787. Air pollution levels in Thessaloniki, Greece. 2002 P. 1-9 • Air monitoring workshop St.E.M.A. Project 24. January 2008. P. 1-30 • Air Pollution Standards and bonding in Great Britain. 2003. P. 1-6 • Botkin. D. Eduard. K. Environmental Science Air Pollution 1995. P. 448-470 • Bukuroshi J. Environmental Health in Korca district. Korca 2002. P. 1-20 • Bukuroshi J. Petri V. Outdoor air pollution in Korca town. 1988-1998. (from carbon particles and SO2) 30.03.2000. P. 1-31 • Deliu A. Health effects of air pollution (by P.M. 10). October 2006. P. 3-5 • Deliu A. Housseau M. (Expert of air monitoring St.E.M.A. Project Tirana) • Deliu A. Ndroqi M. Air Pollution 2004. P. 222-228 • Deliu A. Reports of quality air monitoring in Republic of Albania. 2001-2007. P. 1-88 • Environmental Epidemiology seminars in Albanian language. Tirana 1999. P. 1-206 • European Community legal regulation and limits 1996. • Experiences in East- and West-Europe. Berlin 14-15 November 1994. • Krzyanowkski M. Workshop on environmental epidemiology. Tirana 10-16 January P. 1-40 • P.M. 10 Health end-points-morbidity P. 1-13 (Internet, September 2008.) • Pritzl G. Housseau M. (Experts of air monitoring St.E.M.A. Project Tirana) • Relationship of P.M. 10 with different health effect indicators. Internet, September 2008. 4 pages • Report of quality air monitoring in Republic of Albania. 2008. P. 1-31 • Stanners D. Europe’s Environment. Copenhague 1995. Air. 27-53 • Workshop on air pollution epidemiology.

  22. DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTION ?

  23. FOR THE ATTENTION THANK YOU VERY MUCH, INDEED.

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