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The Renaissance

The Renaissance . Images and Concepts. The Rebirth of art, learning, & classical culture (Greek and Roman). Where & When. 1300-1600 A.D. Started in Northern Italy Ideas spread throughout the rest of Europe . Italy. Advantages Heritage of Greece and Rome

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The Renaissance

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  1. The Renaissance Images and Concepts.

  2. The Rebirth of art, learning, & classical culture (Greek and Roman)

  3. Where & When • 1300-1600 A.D. • Started in Northern Italy • Ideas spread throughout the rest of Europe

  4. Italy Advantages • Heritage of Greece and Rome • Trade Routes develop in Northern Italy after Crusades • Thriving Cities • Merchant Class develops

  5. Heritage • Return to Greek and Roman • Looked down on Middle Ages • Inspired from Ruins to recreate greatness • Ethnocentrism

  6. Merchants • Wealthy, powerful class • Politically Involved • “Made” – not born into it

  7. Rise of the NationThe School of Europe • Florence: • Medici Family ruled Florence for over sixty-five years. Influential in the woolen mills and baking industries of Florence. • Cosimo de Medici gained authority after the uprising of the woolen workers. Cosimo was able to appease the workers and appeared to be a man of Republican virtue. Many compared him to the Emperors of Greece. • Lorenzo de Medici was a patron of the arts. He was neglectful of family business and is considered responsible for the loss of the Medici family authority. Lorenzo failed take care of business responsibilities and caused the fail of the Medici Bank.

  8. The Medici Family • Florence, Italy • Successful Traders & Bankers • Wealthiest family in Italy • Control Florence for ~40 years

  9. Who made it possible? • Johann Gutenberg’s Printing Press

  10. A Chain Reaction • Humanism + Printing Press 4 major events…

  11. Renaissance: Rebirth of classical ideas & learning • Reformation: leads to challenge of Church authority • Exploration: now they’ll explore, expand, get rich • Literacy Rates Increase in Europe

  12. Renaissance Culture • Individualism – The belief that the individual is most important • Humanism – The concept that one should focus on the concerns of the secular (human) world. • Realism – portraying everyday people and everyday events

  13. Dress Styles • Dress styles reflect the Individualism. • Women had very complex gowns. • (Until 1600’s, women wore head dresses frequently)

  14. Bodices • A bodice (front piece of renaissance gowns) was intended to showcase the chest & suck in the belly.

  15. Undergarments • The dreaded corset, originating in England, was used to make women’s gowns fit right.

  16. Men's Fashions • Men’s clothing was varied. • Men of high class wore hats • (left) Tudor style, with the long robes • (right) Italian dress was more common

  17. Renaissance Art Revolutionized • A massive shift in art: Perspective • Makes images appear on different levels (3-D) • New theme: Humanism • Painters portray secular themes over religious ones.

  18. Medieval Style Painting • Used no perspective • Very flat and bland.

  19. Early Renaissance The First Three Hall-of-Famers

  20. Masaccio1401-1428 • Founder of early Renaissance Painting • Painted human figure as a real human being (3D) • Used perspective • Consistent source of light (accurate shadows)

  21. #2 Donatello 1386-1466 • The sculptor’s Masaccio • David (1430-32) • First free standing, life-size nude since Classical period • Contrapposto • Sense of Underlying skeletal structure

  22. The Penitent Magdalen (Donatello) real gaunt “Speak, speak or the plague take you!”

  23. #3 Boticelli • 1482 • Rebirth of Classical mythology • Fully Pagan • THE BIRTH OF VENUS

  24. Their accomplishments were made possible by… • Patrons of the Arts Wealthy merchants donated to the arts to show how worldly and generous they were

  25. Renaissance Painters/Artists • Raphael • Michelangelo • Leonardo Da Vinci • Donatello

  26. Michelangelo • Born 1475. • Lived/worked in Florence. • Sculptor, architect, and painter • Most talented?

  27. Michelangelo Buonarroti Simoni • Lived to be 89 • Thinks of himself mainly as a sculptor but was a painter, architect and poet too • If da Vinci is the scientist, Michelangelo is the poet/thinker/emotionalist

  28. Architecture of Michelangelo Designed the Dome on the Cathedral of St. Peter in the Vatican.

  29. c. 1500 [date to remember] • Monumental (13’ 5”) • Distortion (big hands, big head, extra long arms) • Florence

  30. Sprezzatura & terribilita Sprezzatura - a studied carelessness Terribilita – awe-inspiring power Renaissance ideals

  31. Sprezzatura

  32. Master Work (Cont.) • He began in 1508 at the behest of Pope Julius II. • Created the Ceiling paintings that are famous. • Took 4 years to complete.

  33. Leonardo Da Vinci • Born April 15, 1452. • Gifted as a painter at a young age. • Left-handed (in this time that was “the devils work”)

  34. Da Vinci’s famous works • The Last Supper • The Mona Lisa

  35. De Vinci and Perspective

  36. DaVinci and Invention • DeVinci was a visionary. • First to examine the human body, envisioned manned flight and parachutes.

  37. The Renaissance Man • DaVinci had so much talent and intelligence that he embodied the spirit of the Renaissance • He was a man for all ages • A pioneer and visionary • He was aRENAISSANCE MAN

  38. Raphael • Born April 6, 1483 • painter and sculptor. • Simpler style than DaVinci

  39. Raphael Sanzio 1483-1520 • Youngest of the 3 • He synthesizes what he learns from both • He began painting in Florence • Called to Rome by Pope • “Art responds to Art”

  40. School of Athens • One point perspective • All the important Greek philosophers • Located in the papal apartments library • Working on this commission same time Michelangelo is working on the Sistine chapel • No Christian themes here • Great variety of poses

  41. Uses well known figures • Da Vinci is Plato • Herakleitos is Michelangelo • Raphael as himself • Euclid is Bramante

  42. Renaissance Literature • Moved away from church oriented work. • Drama, poetry, and philosophy. • Influenced by humanism.

  43. Printing, Thought and Literature • Language • Many different versions of language. The most common of educated men was Latin. Most, but not all, books would have been written in Latin. • Writers • Dante Allegerhi: Divine Comedy: Traces a journey from Hell into the light of Heaven. Dante is lead on this journey by Virgil, a Roman poet who embodies all knowledge. • Petrarch: Known for his sonnets of love. Particularly to his love Laura. His work is considered to be the "perfected" Italian sonnet. • Erasmus: He is considered the one who best reflects the humanist desire to draw on all wisdom to create his works. The Praise of Folly (see class handout) is one of his best-known works. In this work his mocks the monks of the church. • Machiavelli: The Prince: Political satire. Brings to issue the ethics of politicians. The question "Do the ends justify the means"? • Chaucer: Made use of the English vernacular in his book The Canterbury Tales. Tells the stories of people traveling to Thomas a Becket's grave in Canterbury. It is important because the book allows us to see the spectrum of classes in England during the fifteenth century.

  44. Philosophy • Nicolo Machiavelli – (1469-1527) • Political advisor to the Medici family. • The Prince

  45. Drama • William Shakespeare 1564 to 1616. • English poet & playwright. • Wrote 37 plays

  46. 1. Developed western culture beyond the church 2. Allowed for creation of individualistic works for the first times. 3. Created new literature styles 4. Created a new world view possibility. 5. Allowed Europe to accept different styles of learning (ie, Muslim) 6. Gave us the Ninja Turtles!!! Why was the Renaissance Art and Culture Important?

  47. Renaissance Art in Northern Europe • Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art. • But, Italian influence was strong. • Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was widely adopted in Italy. • The differences between the two cultures: • Italy change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity. • No. Europe  change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church. • More princes & kings were patrons of artists.

  48. Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art • The continuation of late medieval attention to details. • Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”]. • Interest in landscapes. • More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. • Details of domestic interiors. • Great skill in portraiture.

  49. Flemish Realism

  50. Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441) • More courtly and aristocratic work. • Court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good. • The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.

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