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Social and Political Development. Population Gender Education Health Empowerment. Millennium Development Goals. Promote gender equality and empower women (#3) Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015 Health:
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Social and Political Development Population Gender Education Health Empowerment
Millennium Development Goals • Promote gender equality and empower women (#3) • Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015 • Health: • Reduce child mortality(#4) • Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five • Improve maternal health(#5) • Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio • Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (#6) • Achieve universal primary education (#2) • Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling
Population Clock • http://math.berkeley.edu/~galen/popclk.html • http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
World Vital Events • Births-Deaths=Natural Increase http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/pcwe
Theories of population growth • Malthusian: Agriculture grows arithmetically/Population grows exponentially • Malthus assumptions • Highly judgmental of poor • Assumptive of western cultural norms and standards • Modern Malthusian ideas: “population bombs”, ”limits to growth”, “carrying capacity” • IPAT: Impact=Population x Affluence x Environmental Disruption of technology
Migration: Push/Pull Factors • Push Factors: • Conditions that cause people to leave their area • Pull Factors: • Conditions that attract people to another location
Theories of population growth • Boserup • Pop density creates ag intensification • Cornucopians—technology and free enterprise better than state control: • CONTRACEPTION and POPULATION CONTROL: Coercion for both women and men • Political Economic approach • Land and resources unequal distribution pop • Structural Adjustment and concentration on cash crops • Ignores subsistence economy • emphasizes need for other utilities to provide access to survival
Theories of population growth • Social Relations of Gender approach • Labor utility • Security utility • High infant and child mortality • Others: cultural son preference • Subordination of women
Gender and DevelopmentAttention to gender analysis, empowering women and reducing gender equalities will: • Reduce population growth • Avoid development mistakes • Support productivity and economic growthpoverty reduction • Improve governance • Support health goals for women and children
History of gender and development • Decline in women’s status, economic and political situation • Colonial shifts • Decline of rights to land and status • Development shifts • 1950’s: Welfare approach • women as “homemakers” • 1970: Ester BoserupWID (Women in Development)
Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia • Colonial Development Corporation (CDC) • irrigation and development scheme • Started alienation of women’s land rights • Assumptions about ownership of land by men • IGNORED: • Women had strong access to land resources and their benefits from rice farming • Also responsibilities for food and support of children • Post colonial development schemes made similar mistakes
Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia • World Bank, China, IFAD irrigated rice projects • Small Scale and Large Scale Double cropping schemes • Ignored the elaborate system of land rights and cropping responsibilities • Women’s land taken • Women expected to labor for men’s fields year round • No way to generate same income and maintain independent decision making over their labor and livelihoods
Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia • Women rebel • Refuse to work at certain times of year when they want to work on their own fields • Form work groups to drive up wage labor • Projects are very expensive/unsuccessful • Some people are switching to non-traditional export crops, but food security is still a problem
Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia • Conclusions: • Need to address social and gendered organization of production • Especially in Africa, no joint-utility households • Need to link gender equity to productivity • Alternatives: • Focus on food production • link ownership/management to women’s cooking units • Consider small scale irrigation technology that responds to refined traditional environmental knowledge of women and their work schedules • Consider more appropriate tech: tidal irrigation
History of Gender and Development • 1975: First World Conference on Women-Mexico City: • Equity? Heavily debated • Basic needs/anti-poverty approach • Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1979
History of Gender and Development • Early 1980’s • “New household economics” replaced household as “black box” • feminist critique of SAPs: both rural and urban • WID Efficiency Approach • Neoliberal approach: utilitarian • GAD Empowerment approach • 1985: 2nd World Conference on Women (Nairobi) • 1987: Third world feminists: • DAWN and Chipko, etc.
Mainstreaming Gender • Fourth World Conference on Women Platform for Action, 1995 (Beijing) • Gender is a development issue
Gender disparities have tended to decline over time, but remain largest in low-income countries --except in political participation
Gender mainstreaming in Development • “Social relations of Gender”gender analysis
Where women and men have more equal rights, governments are less corrupt
Benefits for future generations • Women invest their incomes in their children, men in themselves • Ex: In Brazil, income in the hands of mothers has four times the positive impact on children’s nutrition (height-for-age) as income in the hands of fathers. • Better educated mothers invest more heavily in their children’s learning • Ex: In India, children of literate mothers spend two more hours a day studying than children of illiterate mothers.
