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Environmental Science PowerPoint Lecture

Environmental Science PowerPoint Lecture. Principles of Environmental Science - Inquiry and Applications, 2nd Edition by William and Mary Ann Cunningham. 1. Objectives Chapter 14.

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Environmental Science PowerPoint Lecture

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  1. Environmental Science PowerPoint Lecture Principles of Environmental Science - Inquiry and Applications, 2nd Edition by William and Mary Ann Cunningham 1

  2. Objectives Chapter 14 • Explain differences neoclassical, ecological economics & how views ecological processes and natural resources • Distinguish between different types, categories of resources • Discuss internal & external costs, market approaches to pollution control and cost-benefit analysis • Role of business, strategies for achieving sustainability • Recognize push / pull factors to urban growth in the less developed and more developed countries • Appreciate how cities fail to be sustainable, how become sustainable • Understand causes / consequences city crowding, pollution • See connections: sustainable economic development, social justice, & solutions urban problems 2

  3. Chapter Fourteen Key TermsMcGraw-Hill Course Glossary • Megacities •  nonrenewable resources •  open access system •  Pull factors •  Push factors •  renewable resources •  resources •  steady-state economy • "The Tragedy of the Commons" • Urbanization • Sprawl • Smart growth •  capital •  communal resource • management systems •  cost-benefit analysis (CBA) •  discount rate •  ecological economics •  ecological services •  externalizing costs •  gross national product (GNP) •  internalizing costs • limits to growth 3

  4. Multiple Goals Sustainable Development & Cities 4

  5. A Congolese villager surveys a recently destroyed section of Virunga National Park in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, where thousands of Rwandans poured across the border in May and June and slashed and burned 15 square kilometres (six square miles) of forest and rare mountain gorilla habitat, in this picture taken on July 22, 2004.Story by FOR/AN/JV , Photo by STAFF, REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE A Congolese Villager Surveys a Recently Destroyed Section of Virunga National Park CONGO: August 5, 2004 Has been unique problem to less developed world 5

  6. Population Density vs Forest Remaining in Maya Region (OR & WA predicted)(Meyerson 2000) Population density linked to forest cover OR1992 OR-pre WA1992 WA-pre Forest remaining (% of Total) Maya Population Density (persons/km2) 6

  7. Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development Programs – solutions for keeping people in rural areas not working well;example of ecotourism Tourists watch rare Asian elephants feeding, East Malaysian state of Sabah, Borneo island. Ecotourism advocates say revenues from visitors to see proboscis monkeys, Asian elephants living along forested riverbanks could rival money from expanding oil palm estates which threaten their habitat. Picture taken October 2, 2002. Reuters. 7

  8. Rare Brazilian Parrot That Was Rescued From Animal SmugglersNovember 13, 2002 . Reuters News Picture Service (Photo by JAMIL BITTAR) Illegal animal smuggling in Brazil is a big business, coming second only to drug and arms trafficking 8

  9. Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development Programs – solutions for keeping people in rural areas not working well; example of non-timber forest products 9 http://www.macduffeverton.com/Modern%20Maya/Mayaphoto_htmls/chicle.html

  10. Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Development Programs – solutions for keeping people in rural areas not working well; example of conservation ecotourism 10

  11. Topics in Chapter 14 • Urban Development and Sustainable Cities • Cities in Developing Countries • Causes of Urban Growth • Urban Problems in Developing Countries- Air and Water Pollution- Housing- Urban Sprawl- Smart Growth • Urban Sustainability in the Developed World 11

  12. Urban Problems in Developing Countries Housing • Around 100 million people are homeless • Slums – 20% world population lives • Shantytowns - illegal 12

  13. Developing countries –poor sanitation, clean water, housing Shantytowns, squatter settlements outskirts Mexico City 13

  14. Air and Water Pollution • Dense traffic, smoky factories, use of wood or coal fires • Lenient pollution laws, corrupt officials, ignorance • Only 35% of urban residents in developing countries have satisfactory sanitation services 14

  15. Seattle Times; November 14, 2004, Belarus region is rebuilding on top of Chernobyl radiation , by Mara D. Bellaby Radiation contamination from Chernoybl SERGEI GRITS / APIvan Muzychenko and his son sort freshly picked mushrooms, gathered in a forest inside the radiation-contaminated Exclusion Zone. The men were in the village of Bartolomeyevka, 206 miles southeast of Minsk, Belarus, late last month. Belarusians, many poor, ill-informed about radiation, returning villages requiring permanent monitoring due to higher-than-average radiation levels. Tractors till farmland, cows graze and residents fill their yards with vegetable gardens. Thyroid cancer rates high in children. Others venture into "exclusion zones" — the worst-hit areas — to forage in the forests for berries and wild mushrooms sold throughout the region. 15

  16. Indian commuters, rush hour traffic in the central hub of New Delhi August 12, 2002 Reuters News Services Story by JSG/RCS, Photo by B MATHUR Thick cloud of pollution over South Asia – UN Panel climate change concerned (Air Pollution has no boundaries, transfer effects) 16

  17. Economic Development – conversion of forests to agriculture An environment worker distributes masks to motorists in Indonesia'a city of Pontianak, West Kalimantan province – haze from forest fires September 20, 2002 (Reuters News Service) 17

  18. Expanding economies in less developed countries high energy needs (China, India - two highest expanding economies) Coal Vendor Makes Delivery in Traditional Alleyway in Beijing, CHINA: November 26, 2002 Story by ASW/RCS Photo by ANDREW WONGReuters News Service In China, millions of people suffer from fluorosis caused by pollution from burning high fluoride coal. A number of studies in China found exposure to indoor coal pollution linked with higher rates of lung cancer 18

  19. Economic Development:Black smoke billows from the chimneys of an unlicensed pottery furnace on the outskirts of Wuhan, 11/14/03 – use old tires, asphalt as fuel (very polluting) 19

  20. Waste Management – Less developed countries • Successful scavenger cooperatives (largely paper, scrap metal): Columbia, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, India, Indonesia • Garbage produced more organic, dense, humid than industrialized countries so need different solutions (waste technology developed in industrialized countries limited application elsewhere) NICARAGUA Gleaning Managua's rubbish piles for recyclable aluminum, plastic, paper.Reuters CHINA In Beijing, a migrant worker sifting for leavings. Natalie Behring, The New York Times 20 http://www.rider.edu/phanc/courses/richpoor/poverty/scavengers.htm

  21. Scavengers live on fringe of wealth PAKISTAN A girl feeding her brother while their parents scavenge for salable items from Islamabad's trash. BOSNIA A refugee eating an American military meal.The Associated Press http://www.rider.edu/phanc/courses/richpoor/poverty/scavengers.htm 21

  22. What Can Be Done to Improve Conditions in Cities in Less Developed World (a la ‘class book’)? • Civic action, environmental education • Redistribution unproductive land, squatters’ rights • “Rolling land banks” • Democracy, security, improved economic conditions • Social welfare safety net • Local nontraditional exchange of good How compare these solutions to more industrialized world? 22

  23. Topics in Chapter 14 • Urban Development and Sustainable Cities • Cities in Developing Countries • Causes of Urban Growth • Urban Problems in Developing Countries • Urban Sustainability in the Developed World 23

  24. Urban Problems in the Developed World • Rapid growth of central cities in Europe, North America has now slowed or even reversed • The good news: better air and water quality, safer working conditions, fewer communicable diseases • The bad news: urban decay and sprawl, transportation issues Book treats developed from developing world differently (problems same); Book suggests different solutions for each part of the world 24

  25. Green Business, Green Design – decrease energy use + quality work environment Native grass roof – insulation, reduce runoff Natural lighting Open design, consider adjacent areas Award winning GAP Inc, San Bruno, CA – best features of environmental designNOT AS COMMON in Less Developed World 25

  26. Developed World a la bookbut also less developed world problem Urban Decay and Sprawl – Las Vegas, Nevada 26

  27. Transportation • Most American cities devote ~ 1/3 of their land area to cars • Freeways profoundly reshape our lives (opposite Europe but changing – WalMart proliferation) • Public transportation is expensive, difficult to establish 27

  28. Energy sources for cities: Wind power Courtesy of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers An image of a field of electricity-producing turbines, superimposed on a photograph of the Cape Cod coast. If the project moves ahead as planned, it would be the world's largest offshore wind power plant.By CORNELIA DEAN, Published: November 14, 2004, November 14, 2004. NY Times, A Seashore Fight to Harness the Wind 28

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  30. Urban Sustainability in the Developed World • Limit city sizes • Greenbelts, open space • Development planning • Encourage walking, car alternatives • More diverse housing • Grow food locally • Public participation 30

  31. A Tale of Three Cities: Portland and Vancouver get going while Seattle Stalls by William Dietrich, Seattle Times February 2, 2003 Seattle – few parks downtown & uninviting; waterfront pales in comparison; transportation choices limited; sidewalks plainer; fewer street trees, housing choices narrower, towers uglier Note what indicators are used. What is missing? 31

  32. Conventional Subdivision versusCluster Housing(Open-Space Zoning) Quality of environment but not waste, food production Both plans provide 36 home sites. 32

  33. New Views of Urban Sustainability • Tri-partite model = economic, social, environmental requirements • Life Cycle thinking and management • Ecological Footprint measurement • “Total cost” analysis = include externalities and not just direct costs • Move from Trade-off mentality to value creation Rowledge LR and CL Figge. 2000. Urban Sustainability. Executive Summary. Summary Report to the City of Seattle January 2000 EKOS International 33

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  35. Successful Urban Development: Kalundborg, Denmark Industrial ecology where is life cycle based – symbiotic web of materials and energy exchange among network of companies, City Statoil Refinery City district heating Fish farms Asnaes Power station Gyproc’s plasterboard factory Novo Nordisk’s pharmaceutical plant Nearby farms Excess gas Steam Heated water Sludge Fly ash Yeast 35

  36. Industrial Ecology(Kalundborg, Denmark) Coal-fired power plant Oil refinery Cement manufacturer Steam Local Farms Heat Sulfuric acid producer Steam Heat Heat homes Horticulture greenhouses Pharmaceutical plant Fish farm Sheetrock plant 36

  37. Genetically Engineered Chicken That Has No FeathersISRAEL: May 22, 2002Story by HO, Photo by HO , REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE - dubbed low calorie bird because lack of feathers means the chicken has less fat REDUCE WASTE STREAM: Grow enough food in less space, less waste materials, food safety issues, better quality? 37

  38. Ban imposed by the Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries - outbreak of Crimean Congo Hemorrhages Fever virus among Iranian livestock - affects animals, humans. INCREASE FOOD PRODUCTION FROM SMALLER LAND BASE: Antiobiotics, Hormone Use in Beef Production Idle animal traders sit, gossip amid almost empty pens at the Sharjah Animal Market, a result of a ban on the import of Iranian livestock June 6, 2002. (Reuters News Services 2002) 38

  39. United States – organized, large scale recycling, dumps RECYCLE MATERIALS: China – organized, small scale recycling Chinese Woman Collects Recyclable Rubbish Along the Construction Site of Main Dam of Three Gorges Dam Hubei province, China, November 3, 2002. (Reuters) 39

  40. LIFE-CYCLE for FORESTS: United States Environmental services, biodiversity 82% FORESTS Forest Products: paper, building materials, packing materials, furniture, clothing ~18% Fuelwood 16% 57% 27% 4) Burned 1) Landfill 2) Composting 3) Recycling 40

  41. (A) turkey guts, skin, bones, fat, blood, feathersto useful products. After first-stage heat-and-pressure reaction, fats, proteins, and carbohydrates break down into (B) carboxylic oil, (C) a light oil - further distilled into lighter fuels such as (D) naphtha, (E) gasoline, (F) kerosene. Process also yields: (G) fertilizer-grade mineralsmostly from bones & (H) industrially usefulcarbon black. 41

  42. Abundance of capital, high labor costs, expensive waste management systems ( Formal waste management, scavenging not part Lots waste generated (>1.5 kg garbage/day) Little organic material in waste, contains more packaging materials, higher caloric content – burns well People not living on landfill sites Abundance unskilled, inexpensive labor, little capital, labor intensive but cheap waste management systems Dynamic informal sector: refuse collect, scavenging as dominant income, many from rural Little waste generated 0.1 kg garbage/day Highly organic wastes, more dense and humid (great for your livestock to live with you at the landfill) Characteristics of Waste & Its Management in Developed & Developing World ??? 42

  43. NewViews of Urban Sustainability • Tri-partite model = economic, social, environmental requirements • Life Cycle thinking and management • Ecological Footprint measurement • “Total cost” analysis = include externalities and not just direct costs • Move from Trade-off mentality to value creation Rowledge LR and CL Figge. 2000. Urban Sustainability. Executive Summary. Summary Report to the City of Seattle January 2000 EKOS International 43

  44. Rescue worker uses a special vacuum to remove fuel oil from the oil-covered beach at the fishing village of Malpica, northern Spain, November 18, 2002.Story by PH, Photo by PAUL HANNA, REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE WHO PAYS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS – is economic externality? An oil-covered seagull is cleaned up at a wildlife recovery center in La Coruna, northern Spain, November 18, 2002.Story by AC, Photo by MIGUEL VIDAL, REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE 44

  45. Unidentified Nicaraguan affected by the pesticide Nemagon, protests outside the U.S. Embassy in Managua, November 19, 2002. 45

  46. Sustainable Urban environments has too remember that natural disturbances still with us and modify whether something is “SUSTAINABLE” 46

  47. Heavy smog engulfs Xian, the capital of China's western province of Shaanxi, November 11, 2002. Reuters News Services Development - Environment = sustainable link?China's strategy develop west progress smoothly (Li Zibin, Gross domestic product (GDP) western regions 8.7% growth in 2000, 9.0% first 3 quarters of 2002. 47

  48. Pursuit of renewable energy sources unique to more developed nations since less developed do not have enough energy resources and mainly burn wood (> 50% of world) Wind power Courtesy of the U.S. Army Corps of EngineersAn image of a field of electricity-producing turbines, superimposed on a photograph of the Cape Cod coast. If the project moves ahead as planned, it would be the world's largest offshore wind power plant.By CORNELIA DEAN, Published: November 14, 2004 48

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