LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP

1. LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP Climate Change and Marine Mammals Siri Hakala, NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center And Mike Goebel, Ph.D. NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center Tuesday, April 20, 2010

2. Climate Change and Marine Mammals Climate Change and Marine Mammals SiriHakala, NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center And Mike Goebel,PhD. NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center Siri Hakala, NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center And Mike Goebel, Ph.D. NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center

3. Outline • Change in the oceans • How will marine mammals be affected? • Arctic • Antarctic • Tropics • Online Educational Resources

4. Change in the oceans How will marine mammals be affected? Arctic Antarctic Tropics Online Educational Resources

5. Potential Changes in: • Temperature • Sea level • Sea-ice extent • Salinity • CO2 concentrations and pH • Rainfall patterns • Storm frequency, wind speed and wave conditions • Climate patterns

6. Temperature Figure 1-3. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007

7. Rising Sea Levels Contribution of mountain and subpolar glaciers to sea level. Shown are sea level change (mm/year, red) and sea level rise (mm, blue). [From M. Dyurgerov, INSTARR, University of Colorado]

8. Change in the oceans

9. Muir Glacier August 31, 2004 August 13, 1941 Digital media. Image Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center, W. O. Field, B. F. Molnia. NSIDC/WDC for Glaciology, Boulder, compiler. 2002, updated 2009. Glacier photograph collection. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology.

10. Ice cover Figure 10.14. Multi-model mean sea ice concentration (%) for January to March (JFM) and June to September (JAS), in the Arctic (top) and Antarctic (bottom) for the periods (a) 1980 to 2000 and b) 2080 to 2100 for the SRES A1B scenario. The dashed white line indicates the present-day 15% average sea ice concentration limit. Modified from Flato et al. (2004).

11. Projection of Ocean Acidification Atmospheric CO2 concentrations (a) Global ocean pH (b) Surface saturation state of aragonite(c) Figure 10-14 IPCC emission scenarios for 2000-2100. Source: IPCC, 2007b

12. Projection of Precipitation

13. What can we learn from ENSO?

14. Let’s Pause Two Minutes for Questions?

15. Outline Change in the oceans How will marine mammals be affected? Arctic Antarctic Tropics Online Educational Resources

16. Poll Question How will marine mammals be affected? A) Prey B) Distribution, Migration C) Habitat D) Reproductive success E) All of the Above

17. So, how will marine mammals be affected? • Direct • Habitat • Temperature • Indirect effects • Prey • Distribution, Migration • Community Structure • Reproductive success • Disease NOAA Photo Library Type-B “pack ice killer whale” from the Antarctic. Bob Pitman, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center

18. Examples for: • Temperature • Sea level • Sea-ice extent • Salinity • CO2 concentrations and pH • Rainfall patterns • Storm frequency, wind speed and wave conditions • Climate patterns

19. Responses to climate change • Move- move to a different area to track environmental changes • Change- stay in same place, but change to match environment- change prey, change reproductive timing, migratory timing etc. • Extinction

20. Changes in temperature Artwork by Barbara L. Taylor

21. Changes in temperature Reproductive success

22. Changes in temperature Krill NOAA photo NOAA photo Humboldt squid Prey Image courtesy of Islands in the Stream 2001, NOAA/OER

23. Changes in sea level Loss of habitat: haul-out sites for pinnipeds

24. Changes in sea-ice extent NOAA image NOAA image NOAA image Photo credit: Siri Hakala

25. Changes in salinity

26. Changes in CO2 concentrations and pH

27. Changes in rainfall patterns Effects on coastal species -increased run-off -possible increase in algal blooms

28. Changes in storm frequency, wind speed and wave conditions Hawaiian monk seal (photo: NOAA) SWFSC/ NMFS/NOAA

29. Changes in climate pattern Shifts in community structure

30. Let’s Pause Two Minutes for Questions?

31. Change in the oceans How will marine mammals be affected? Arctic Antarctic Tropics Online Educational Resources

32. Arctic NOAA photo NOAA photo NOAA photo by Mike Cameron.

33. In the chart below, place the clip art at the end of the species type (Obligate, Associated, Migrant) in the box under the species it is describing. Ice Obligate Species @ Ice Associated Species √ Seasonally Migrant Species $

34. From Moore et al., 2008

35. Change in the oceans How will marine mammals be affected? Arctic Antarctic Tropics Online Educational Resources

36. Antarctic Antarctic fur seals (Photo credit: M. Goebel) A female Southern elephant seal Image courtesy of NOAA/Vents, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI)

37. Antarctic Crabeater seal, Mike Goebel and Dan Costa Weddell seals (Photo credit: M. Goebel)

38. Temperate and Tropical waters

39. Change in the oceans How will marine mammals be affected? Arctic Antarctic Tropics

40. Tropics

42. Let’s Pause Two Minutes for Questions?

43. References • Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. • Draft Report of the Workshop on Whales and Climate Change. SC/61/Rep4. International Whaling Commission. • Forcada, J., Trathan, P.N., Murphy, E.J. 2008. Life history buffering in Antarctic mammals and birds against changing patterns of climate and environmental variation. Global Change Biology 14:2473-2488 • Laidre, K.L., Stirling, I., Lowry, L.F., Wiig, O., Heide-Jorgensen, M.P., Ferguson, S. 2998. Quantifying the sensitivity of arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change. Ecological Applications 18(2):S97-S125. • Learmonth, J.A., Macleod, C.D., Santos, M.B., Pierce, G.J., Crick, H.Q.P., Robinson, R.S. 2006. Potential effects of climate change on marine mammals. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An annual review 44:431-464 • Moore, S.E., Huntington, H.P. 2008. Arctic marine mammals and climate change: Impacts and resilience. Ecological Applications 18(2):S157-S165

44. Change in the oceans How will marine mammals be affected? Arctic Antarctic Tropics Online Educational Resources

45. Online Educational Resources General Information on Marine Mammals from NOAA Fisheries Service Office of Protected Resources: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/ Encyclopedia of the Sanctuaries: Visual and print resources on marine mammals in the National Marine Sanctuaries http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/onms/park/ Elementary School: Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears: An online magazine for K-5 teachers http://beyondpenguins.nsdl.org/ Contact Information – Molly Harrison – Molly.Harrison@noaa.gov

46. Middle School Resources • Climate Change Wildlife and Wildlands: A Toolkit for Formal and Informal Educators (http://globalchange.gov/resources/educators/toolkit) • Pacific Islands and the Hawaiian Monk Seal: • http://globalchange.gov/resources/educators/toolkit/explore/pacific-islands • Polar and Sub Polar Regions and the Pacific Walrus: • http://globalchange.gov/resources/educators/toolkit/explore/polar-subpolar • 2. Oceans for Life Resources: Links to videos and lessons plans for SPLASH: Monitoring Humpback Whales and Biodiversity: Humpback Whales • http://www.ngsednet.org/community/resources_category.cfm?community_id=128&category_id=836

47. Middle to High School Resources Grades 5-12 Tracking Narwhals in Greenland Expedition: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/ Includes the following essays: • Arctic Climate Change and Narwhals: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/background/climate/climate.html • The Biology and Ecology of Narwhals: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/background/biology/biology.html Related Lesson Plans for grades 5-12: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/background/edu/lessonplans.html Near Real-Time Pacific Marine Animal Tracking through Tagging of Pacific Pelagics Program: http://las.pfeg.noaa.gov/TOPP/

48. Thank you to the sponsor of tonight's Web Seminar:

49. http://learningcenter.nsta.org

50. http://www.elluminate.com