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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Language Contact Pidgins, Creoles, & New Englishes. CS vs. Borrowing. Codeswitching and borrowing are different? How?. Pidgin: Tok Pisin.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Language ContactPidgins, Creoles, & New Englishes

  2. CS vs. Borrowing • Codeswitching and borrowing are different? • How?

  3. Pidgin: Tok Pisin • Tasol dispela mi raitim pinis, em mi raitim bai yupela i ken bilip long Jisas em i Krais, em i Pikinini Bilong God. Na sapos yupela i bilip, orait bai yupela i kisim laip long nem belong em. (John 20:31) • But these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name. (John 20:31) http://www.wycliffe.ca/resources/HTML/soundbytes.html

  4. Pidgin ‘Less than complete’ Not primary No native speakers… Often for business Rapidly developed Vocab from contact languages Typically not syntax (?) Creole Complete language First language For at least some Typically develop from pidgins Definitions

  5. Pidgin Precipitants • Trade • Slavery • Migration • Conquest

  6. Pidgin Vocab • Limited Lexicon • Polysemy (meaning) • Multifunctionality (syntax) • Circumlocution (creative syntax  meaning) • Compounding (Lexical) • Reduplication (Lexical // syntactic)

  7. Grammatical Structure • Defined by deficit • Tense often by inference or adverbs • Simplified pronouns

  8. Pidgin Origin Theories • Monogenesis • Independent parallel development • Linguistic universals

  9. Up Next… Read through the end of Chapter 9 … Be working on your final projects…

  10. Creoles • Expanded: • Vocabulary • Phonological rules • Syntax • Full fledged language • Stigmatized by it’s origin…

  11. Creolization Theories • Bio-program • Pidginization = SLA w/ limited input • Creolization = FLA w/ limited input  Creole ≈ underlying ‘human’ language • Gradualism • Language develops from need to talk • True transfer from P  C > 1 generation • Reality…? • Need another theory… (why?)

  12. Decreolization • Creole becomes more like the “power” language it descended from… • Problem with this analysis?(c.f. development of pidgin…) • Related Vocab • Basilect • Acrolect important later in Chapter • Mesolect • Recreolization  less like ‘power’ language }

  13. Decreolization Vocab • Basilect • ‘Deep’ creole • Unintelligible with ‘power’ language • Mesolect • Mid point between the others • Acrolect • Minor differences from ‘power’ language

  14. New Englishes • Original Conception • Few L1 speakers of English • English acquired in school (not home) • English used for multiple purposes(e.g. Lingua Franca, gov’t, media, etc.) • Has adopted some vocabulary & grammar from local language(s) • Redefinition is underway & ongoing…

  15. Tendencies in New Englishes • Repeating pronouns • Invariant tags (isn’t it?, no? not so?...) • Double marking of clauses(Although you are away, but you remember) • Phonological interference(AKA enrichment) …Stabilization of SLA strategies…

  16. Views of English in India • Special varietyDistinctly different from UK & US…Nativization… South Asianization… • No more different than UK vs. US Language varieties have always existed… The multi-lingual nature of an area is not significant • Still an alien language An important presence requiring politeness… Not an integral part of the core of life. Implications for Educational & Linguistic policies…

  17. New Englishes: Tie It Together • Codeswitching • Basilect ≈ solidarity • Mesolect • Acrolect ≈ prestige… • Diglossic tendencies • Government & education • Instructional target = hot political issue

  18. Whaddya Think?

  19. Linguistic Schizophrenia • New Englishes speakers • Typically don’t accept their own variety as ‘correct’ or ‘prestigious’ • Are unwilling to accept

  20. Homework • Read: “Nations in Asia give English their own flavorful quirks”@ http://faculty.uscupstate.edu/dmarlow • Debate the issue tomorrow… *** Be ready to take a side!!! ***

  21. Coming Soon… • Chapter 11 next (this is a must-read)- For the (virtual) day after tomorrow: - Sections 11.1 & 11.3

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