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Bios E-162b FALL 2010

Bios E-162b FALL 2010. Cancer review session. Carlos O. Mendivil-Anaya, MD. Jargon. Neoplasia. New growth: Includes benign disease. Tumor. Swelling: Includes benign disease. Cancer, carcinoma. Malignancy of epithelial origin. Malignancy of mesothelial origin. Sarcoma. Lymphoma.

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Bios E-162b FALL 2010

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  1. Bios E-162b FALL 2010 Cancer review session Carlos O. Mendivil-Anaya, MD

  2. Jargon Neoplasia New growth: Includes benign disease Tumor Swelling: Includes benign disease Cancer, carcinoma Malignancy of epithelial origin Malignancy of mesothelial origin Sarcoma Lymphoma Malignancy of lymphoid organs Leukemia Malignancy of blood cells (usually WBC)

  3. Lethality

  4. Cancers with potential for screening Breast Mammography Cervical Cervical smear cytology (Pap smear) Prostate Serum PSA Flexible sigmoidoscopy Fecal occult blood test Colorectal

  5. Stages of cancer

  6. Stages of cancer

  7. The cell cycle

  8. Genetic origin of cancer (proto) Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes

  9. Chemotherapy agents target the cell cycle

  10. Etiology of cancer Genetic Predisposition (familiar mutations) Chemical Carcinogenesis Excessive hormonal stimulus Ionizing Radiation Light (Ultraviolet Radiation) Repeated localized trauma Tumor Viruses (Oncogenic viruses) - HIV/Epstein-Barr virus - Human Papilloma Virus - Hepatitis B Virus

  11. Carcinogenic mechanism of retroviruses

  12. The key role of angiogenesis

  13. Some cancers are hormone-sensitive

  14. And some others are driven by environmental factors

  15. Metastases prefer some organs

  16. Chemotherapy can be highly toxic

  17. Testicular cancer Rare Happens early in life (average age=30) However, most common cancer in young adult males Main risk factor: Undescended testis (Cryptorchidism)

  18. Testicular cancer

  19. Prostate cancer Most common cancer in men Lifetime risk of developing it is about 17% ! Prostate gland grows normally during life in response to androgens Increased urinary frequency and urgency Strong genetic/ethnicity influence Overweight  high IGF-1 levels  increased risk Treated with surgery / radiation / androgen deprivation

  20. Breast cancer Most common cancer in women Much more prevalent in industrialized countries

  21. Breast cancer Can be detected early by breast self-exam http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/

  22. Breast cancer Can be detected early by breast self-exam http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/

  23. Breast cancer All women 40 and older should get a mammogram http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mammogram.jpg www.hastingsimagingcenter.com

  24. Breast cancer Incidence increases with age Premenopausal and posmenopausal have different risk factors Risk proportional to estrogen exposure Old hormonal contraceptives increase risk, New hormonal contraceptives decrease it Estrogen-like substances in food or environment increase risk Pregnancy and lactation are protective BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes mutated in about 10% of cases

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