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Continuous renal replacement therapy

Continuous renal replacement therapy. Dr. M.A. Al-Odat Jordanian Board of Medicine Saudi ICU board fellow. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy CRRT. WHAT Is CRRT. WHAT Is CRRT. HOW To use CRRT. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT).

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Continuous renal replacement therapy

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  1. Continuous renal replacement therapy Dr. M.A. Al-Odat Jordanian Board of Medicine Saudi ICU board fellow.

  2. Continuous Renal Replacement TherapyCRRT WHAT Is CRRT WHAT Is CRRT HOW To use CRRT

  3. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) Is an extracorporeal blood purification therapy intended to substitute for impaired renal function over an extended period of time and applied for or aimed at being applied for 24 hours a day. * Bellomo R., Ronco C., Mehta R, Nomenclature for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies, AJKD, Vol 28, No. 5, Suppl 3, November 1996

  4. CRRT Goals • Mimic the functions and physiology of the native organ • Qualitative and quantitative blood purification • Restore and maintain of homeostasis • Avoid complications and good clinical tolerance • Provide conditions favoring recovery of renal function

  5. Requirements for CRRT • A central double-lumen veno-venous hemodialysis catheter • An extracorporeal circuit and a hemofilter • A blood pump and a effluent pump. • With specific CRRT therapies dialysate and/or replacement pumps are required.

  6. Indications • CRRT is indicated in any patient who meets criteria for hemodialysis therapy but cannot tolerate intermittent dialysis due to hemodynamic instability. • CRRT is better tolerated by hemodynamically unstable patients because fluid volume, electrolytes and pH are adjusted slowly and steadily over a 24 hour period rather than a 3 – 4 hour period.

  7. Hemodynamically unstable patients with the following diagnoses may be candidates for CRRT: • fluid overload • acute renal failure • chronic renal failure • life-threatening electrolyte imbalance • major burns with compromised renal function • drug overdose

  8. Principals of CRRT • Vascular access. • Semi-permeable membrane. • Transport mechanism. • Dialysate and replacement fluid.

  9. I- Vascular access • Internal jugular. • Subclavian. • Femoral.

  10. Access Location • Internal Jugular Vein • Primary site of choice due to lower associated risk of complication and simplicity of catheter insertion. • Femoral Vein • Patient immobilized, the femoral vein is optimal and constitutes the easiest site for insertion. • Subclavin Vein • The least preferred site given its higher risk of pneumo/hemothorax and its association with central venous stenosis.

  11. Choosing the right catheter • The length of the catheter chosen will depend upon the site used • Size of the catheter is important in the pediatric population. • The following are suggested guidelines for the different sites: • RIJ= 15 cm French • LIJ= 20 cm French • Femoral= 25 cm French

  12. II- Semi-permeable membrane • The basis of all blood purification therapies. • Water and some solutes pass through the membrane, while cellular components and other solutes remain behind. • 2 types: cellulose and synthetic. • Synthetic membranes allow clearance of larger molecules and are the primary type used in CRRT. • Filters are changed when they become contaminated, clogged or clotted.

  13. Molecular Weights Albumin (55000 – 60000) Beta 2 Microglobulin (11800) Inulin (5200) Vit B12 (1355) Aluminium/Desforoxamine complex (700) Glucose (180) Uric Acid (168) Creatinine (113) Phosphate (80) Urea (60) Potassium (35) Phosphorus (31) Sodium (23) (Dalton) 100000 50000 10000 5000 1000 500 100 50 10

  14. III- Transport mechanismsa) Ultrafiltration • The passage of water through a membrane under a pressure gradient. • Driving pressure can be +ve (push fluid through the filter), or –ve (pull fluid to other side of filter). • Pressure gradient is created by effluent pump.

  15. b) Convection • Movement of solutes through a membrane by the force of water “solvent drag”. • The water pulls the molecules along with it as it flows through the membrane. • can remove middle and large molecules, as well as large fluid volumes. • maximized by using replacement fluids.

  16. To better understand this phenomenon, think of a quiet stream as compared to a raging river. The stream could never shift a boulder, but the powerful raging river could easily drag a boulder downstream. So it is with convection; the faster the flow through the membrane, the larger the molecules that can be transported

  17. c) Adsorption Adsorption is the removal of solutes from the blood because they cling to the membrane. Think of an air filter. As the air passes through it, impurities cling to the filter itself. Eventually the impurities will clog the filter and it will need to be changed. The same is true in blood purification. High levels of adsorption can cause filters to clog and become ineffective

  18. d) Diffusion Diffusion is the movement of a solute across a membrane via a concentration gradient. For diffusion to occur, another fluid must flow on the opposite side of the membrane. In blood purification this fluid is called dialysate. When solutes diffuse across a membrane they always shift from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.

  19. IV- Dialysate and replacement fluid Dialysate is any fluid used on the opposite side of the filter from the blood during blood purification. As with traditional hemodialysis therapy, the dialysate is run on the opposite side of the filter, countercurrent to the flow of the patient’s blood. The countercurrent flow allows a greater diffusion gradient across the entire membrane, increasing the effectiveness of solute removal. Typical dialysate flow rates are between 600 – 1800 mL/hour.

  20. Replacement fluid • Used to increase the amount of convective solute removal in CRRT. • Replacement fluids do not replace anything. • Fluid removal rates are calculated independently of replacement fluid rates. • The most common replacement fluid is 0.9% Normal Saline. • Can be pre or post filter.

  21. The decision to infuse replacement fluids before or after the filter is made by the physician. Replacement fluids administered pre-filter reduce filter clotting and can be administered at faster rates (driving higher convection) than fluids administered post-filter. The downside of pre-filter replacement fluids is that they invalidate post-filter lab draws; the lab results will show the composition of the replacement fluid rather than that of the effluent.

  22. Modalities of CRRT

  23. Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration (SCUF) • The primary indication for SCUF is fluid overload without uremia or significant electrolyte imbalance. • The main mechanism of water transport is ultrafiltration. • Other solutes are carried off in small amounts, but usually not enough to be clinically significant. • the amount of fluid in the effluent bag is the same as the amount removed from the patient. • Fluid removal rates are typically closer to 100 mL/hour. • No dialysate or replacement fluid is used.

  24. SCUF • Blood flow: 80 – 200 ml/min • Duration • Ultrafiltration: 20-100 ml/hr (or total volume) • Anticoagulation • NO dialysate, NO replacement fluid

  25. Continuous Veno-venous Hemofiltration (CVVH) • An extremely effective method of solute removal and is indicated for uremia or severe pH or electrolyte imbalance with or without fluid overload. • Particularly good at removal of large molecules, because CVVH removes solutes via convection, • Many theories exist regarding the removal of pro-inflammatory mediators by CVVH. • solutes can be removed in large quantities while easily maintaining a net zero or even a positive fluid balance in the patient. • the amount of fluid in the effluent bag is equal to the amount of fluid removed from the patient plus the volume of replacement fluids administered. • No dialysate is used.

  26. CVVH • Blood flow:80 – 200 ml/min • Duration • Ultrafiltration: 20-100 ml/hr (or total volume) • RF: 1000 – 2000 ml/hr , pre or post filter (up to 3 lit/hr). • Anticoagulation • NO dialysate

  27. Continuous Veno-venous Hemodialysis (CVVHD) • Effective for removal of small to medium sized molecules. • Solute removal occurs primarily due to diffusion. • No replacement fluid is used. • Dialysate is run on the opposite side of the filter. • Fluid in the effluent bag is equal to the amount of fluid removed from the patient plus the dialysate.

  28. CVVHD • Blood flow:80 – 200 ml/min • Duration • Ultrafiltration: 20 -100 ml/hr (or total volume) • Anticoagulation • Dialysate: 600 – 1800 ml/hr (up to 3 lit/hr). • NO replacement fluid

  29. Continuous Veno-venous Hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) • The most flexible of all the therapies, and combines the benefits of diffusion and convection for solute removal. • The use of replacement fluid allows adequate solute removal even with zero or positive net fluid balance for the patient. • Amount of fluid in the effluent bag equals the fluid removed from the patient plus the dialysate and the replacement fluid. • Dialysate on the opposite side of the filter and replacement fluid either before or after the filter.

  30. CVVHDF • Blood flow: 80 – 200 ml/min • Duration • Ultrafiltration: 20-100 ml/hr (or total volume) • Anticoagulation • Dialysate: 600 – 1800 ml/hr (up to 3 lit/hr). • Replacement fluid: 1000-2000 ml/hr, pre or post filter(up to 3 lit/hr).

  31. Anticoagulation & CRRT • Low-dose pre-filter unfractionated Heparin: any dose less than 5 units/kg/hour. • Medium-dose pre-filter unfractionated Heparin: a dose between 8-10 units/kg/hour. • Systemic unfractionated Heparin is administered intravenously and titrated to achieve an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ordered by the physician, for patients who have another indication for heparinization, such as. DVT • Regional unfractionated Heparin: a pre-filter dose of 1500 units/hour of Heparin, with administration of Protamine post-filter at a dose of 10-12 mg/hour. • Low-molecular-weight Heparins • Prostacyclin: rarely used (expensive, hypotension) • Citrate: infused pre-filter, Ca must be replaced.

  32. No Anticoagulation • Platelet count < 50,000/mm3 • INR > 2.0 • aPTT > 60 seconds • Actively bleeding or with an active bleeding episode in the last 24 hours • Severe hepatic dysfunction or recent liver transplantation • Within 24 hours post cardiopulmonary bypass or extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

  33. Complications of CRRT • Bleeding • Hypothermia • Electrolyte imbalance • Acid-base imbalance • Infection • Dosing of medications

  34. Continuous Renal Replacement TherapyCRRT WHAT Is CRRT HOW To use CRRT HOW To use CRRT

  35. When to start CRRT. • IHD Vs CRRT. • Dose of CRRT. • Anticoagulation and CRRT. • Nutrition and CRRT. • Drug doses in CRRT. • Ethical issues of CRRT.

  36. When to start CRRT

  37. Moving On • Further studies focused mostly on the timing of initiation of CRRT • Gettings et al published a retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive patients with post traumatic AKI in 1999 • Early vs late initiation based on BUN < or > 60 mg/dL at initiation of therapy

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