The Changing Landscape of Higher Education, Science & Technology: Arab Countries in Focus

1. The Changing Landscape of Higher Education, Science & Technology: Arab Countries in Focus AdnanBadran The Changing Landscape in Science: Challenges & Opportunities Hungarian Academy of Sciences World Science Forum Budapest 17th Nov. 2011 Main reference: Badran & Zoubi, UNESCO World Science report 2010: Arab States

2. Higher Education's Perspectives, Dynamics & Implication: Higher Education is the key to Development: • Build up the human capital. • Generate K-workers. • Create knowledge through basic research. • Knowledge feeds innovation. • Develop technology & Innovation & K-economy. • Outreach for the K-society.

3. What to do: • Invest in quality higher education (HE). • Invest in scientific research. • HE should be flexible to react quickly to demands, and create new demands. • To graduate vehicles of development: entrepreneurs. • HE should deliver quality and relevance. • HE builds brain-intensive knowledge and stimulate growth.

4. How to be effective: • The university should enjoy full governance & autonomy, sustainable financial resources, transparency. • Decides on admission policy. • Competitive and enjoys full freedom of expression and thought. • Conducive environment for enquiry and cleverly R & D. • Strive for excellence in research and teaching. • Links with industry.

5. Establish alliance: • Liaze with universities abroad & companies to develop technologies. • Convert R & D outputs to business. • Int’l cooperation in teaching, research, joint programs and projects. • Bridging public – private to stimulate commercialization.

6. Develop science culture: • Invest in science. • Recognize value of knowledge for progress. • Funding R & D to a level of 1% of GDP by 2015 by all Arab countries. • Involve private sector in R & D.

7. What progress in higher education in the Arab region recently: • HE students of 3.2 millions (1996) more than doubled (7.2) millions (2010). • 2230 HE student per 100,000 inhabitants. • 300 universities. Newly, private institutions are competing with older public universities. • One university per one million compared to world average of one university per 700,000 population. • 125000 faculty members in Arab universities, 30% women. • Prof-student ratio 1:14 OECD 1:16 world average 1:25 Arab region

8. * Data refers to the preceding year. Source: UNESCO institute for Statistics database

9. Shanghai Ranking of OIC Universities 2011 Source: Academic Ranking of World Universities 2011/top 500 universities/Shanghai Ranking

10. Higher Education: public expenditure • Governmentexpenditure 1.4% of GDP in OECD (2007) as compared to: • 1.7% in Tunisia 25% of total education • 1.5% in S.A • 1.3% in Egypt 28% of total education • 1.2% in Yemen • 0.8% in Jordan 18% of total education • 0.5% in Syria • Jordan spends 4.3% of GDP on higher education & mostly comes from private sector. Many other Arab countries: private sectors are investing in higher education: Lebanon, S.A, UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Syria, Egypt, Sudan, Yemen.

11. Note: For Mauritania, the 2008 data are an estimate by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics; for the UAE, the 2002 data are a national estimate. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database, July 2010

12. Hope & Change

13. New Frontiers: research universities (2009) • KAUST – multibillion dollar endowment merit-based and research centered, graduate university for Master & Ph.D.

14. Masdar Institute of Technology – Abu Dhabi affiliated with MIT, R & D hub for renewable energy research & Technology, zero carbon emission, research-centered university for graduate students - Master & Ph.D.

15. Education City in Doha Hub for capacity building in higher education, six international universities branched from quality institutions in USA: • Carnegie Mellon University, Georgetown University, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Cornell University and Texas A&M.

16. Bibliotheca Alexandria • recapture the legacy of the original Alexandria library which burnt down 2000 years ago. The Bibliotheca Alexandrina has capitalized on opportunities presented by ICTs. Library can access 21 core databases and 19 584 scholarly electronic journals, e-book databases and other internet resources.

17. To Combat Uncertainties: • 30% of Arab population less than 15 years of age. • 60% of Arab youth is below 25 years of age. • 100 million jobs to be created by 2020, for youth. • Otherwise, 40% of Arab youth will not be employed (UNESCWA 2007).

18. Therefore, • Investment in quality and relevant higher education, and smart scientific R & D will increase the potential of new jobs and new opportunities in the market place.

19. GDP per capita in the Arab region, 2008 HDI Rank Country (2007) PPP US$ thousands Source: UNDP (2009) Human Development Report; World Bank, World Development Indicators, June 2010

20. Global Competitiveness index 2010-2011 ranking of (131) countries of the World Score: Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 2010 World Economic Forum

21. Priorities of R&D at Global & Regional Levels • UN World Summit 2002 identified five priorities: water, energy, health, agriculture, biodiversity (WEHAB) • UN MDGs priorities to be reached by 2015: on poverty, education, gender, child mortality, health, environment, sustainable development. • Arab summit priorities (2009): water, energy, food, agriculture.

22. R&D expenditure in the Arab region GERD/GDP ratio for Arab countries, 2007 Other countries & regions are given for comparison Note: For Tunisia, Turkey and Sudan, the data are an estimation; for Egypt, Kuwait, Algeria and Saudi Arabia, the data are either underestimated or partial; for Mauritania, Qatar, Lebanon and Oman, the data are for gross national expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP. Source: for Egypt: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database, July 2010; for Mauritania, Lebanon, Oman and Mauritania: Saleh (2008) S&T indicators in the Arab States; for Bahrain and Syria: Waast et al. (2008) Draft Regional Report on Arab Countries: Study of National Research Systems

23. Researchers per million population in the Arab world, 2007 FTE researchers per million Selected countries Note: The figures for Jordan & Tunisia represent FTE researchers. For Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco & Oman, the figures include FTE researchers at government universities. The figures for the other countries can be classified as partial data, as they do not include FTE researchers at government universities. * Human Development Report 2007 ** The World Bank knowledge for Development Scoreboard Source: Saleh, Nabiel (2008) S&T Indicators in the Arab State, 2006

24. R&D output: scientific publications (SCI) • Output of Arab region was 13574 research papers, (2009) increased form 7446 (2000). • Egypt leads this indicator in total publications of the 3963 published, one-third 1057 co-authored by others abroad. • Per million population, Kuwait ranked 1st among Arab countries. • Average Arab per million population was 41 scientific papers as compared to world average of 147.

25. R&D output: scientific publications (SCI)per million population in Arab countries, 2008 Source: Thomson Reuters (Scientific) Inc. Web of Science. Science Citation Index Expanded, compiled for UNESCO by the Canadian Observatoire des sciences et des technologies; for population data: World Bank, World Development Indicators, June 2010

26. R&D output: total scientific publications (SCI)published in the Arab world, 2008

27. R&D output: scientific co-publications (SCI)co-authored by others abroad in the Arab world, 2008 Source: Thomson Reuters (Scientific) Inc. Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded, compiled for UNESCO by the Canadian Observatoire des sciences et des technologies

28. R&D output: patents in Arab region Patents as indicator of technology, increased to 67 registered patents in U.S. but still behind (i.e. Finland 894 in 2008) US patents granted to residents of Arab countries, 2008

29. Investment in Science R&D output: patents in selected OIC countries US patents granted to residents of selected countries, 2009 Source : as reported by: www.WIPO.com

30. Knowledge Economy Index for selected Arab countries, 2008 - Qatar is leading 6.73 - Djibouti 1.47 Knowledge Economy Index for selected Arab countries Per million population Note: Data are weighted by population ranges from a low of 0 to a high of 10. Source: World Bank http://info.worldbank.org/etools/kam2/KAM_page5.asp

31. Investment in Science Who funds what in R&D?

32. Internet Users per 100 population (2009) Source: International Telecommunications Union, World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators, July 2010 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics database, July 2010 :

33. Internet penetration in the Arab Region (2009) as % of population % Penetration of Population Note: The most recent information on usage comes mainly from data published by Samer Baydoun’s Blog

34. In Summary • Although higher education expanded in quantity, but was falling behind in quality and relevance. • R&D was hampered by: • lack of smart conducive environment. • Heavy teaching load. • Lack of university autonomy. • Lack of funding. • Unstable governance. • Lack of research culture. • Slow Liberalization & democratization

35. thank you