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Integumentary System in Animals

Explore the intricate layers and functions of the integumentary system in animals, including the epidermis, dermis, subcutis, and skin appendages like hair follicles and glands. Learn about common conditions like alopecia and ringworm.

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Integumentary System in Animals

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  1. Integumentary System

  2. Integumentary System • Skin and its appendages • Largest and most visible organ of the body • Distinct regions • Epidermis • Basement Membrane Zone • Dermis • Subcutis/Hypodermis

  3. Integumentary System • Functions: • Enclosing barrier preventing the loss of water, electrolytes, and cells • Protection from the environment • Allowing motion • Temperature regulation • Storage • Pigmentation • Immunosurveillance • Production of vitamin D • Sensory perception • Excretory secretions

  4. Epidermis • outer layer • provides protection from foreign substances • composed of several cells: • Keratinocytes • Melanocytes • Langerhans cells • Merkel cells

  5. Epidermis • Keratinocytes • provide a protective layer • constantly being renewed (keratinization) • new skin cells are created near the base of the epidermis and migrate upwards, producing a compact layer of dead cells on the skin surface • keeps in fluids, salts, and nutrients • keeps out infectious or foreign agents

  6. Epidermis • Melanocytes • located at base of epidermis, outer root sheath of hairs, and ducts of sebaceous and sweat glands • produce melanin (pigment) • helps protect cells from UV radiation

  7. Epidermis • Langerhans Cells • part of immune system • damaged when exposed to excessive UV light and glucocorticoids (anti-inflammatory drugs) • play an important role in the skin's response to foreign substances • Ex: rash development if animal is exposed to an irritant

  8. Epidermis • Merkel Cells • help provide animals with sensory information from whiskers

  9. Basement Membrane Zone • located at the base of the epidermis, connecting it to the dermis • protective barrier between the epidermis and the dermis

  10. Dermis • supports and nourishes the epidermis and skin appendages (via blood vessels) • blood vessels also regulate skin and body temperature • sensory nerves are located in the dermis and hair follicles • secretes proteins: collagen and elastin • give support and elasticity • immune cells defend against infectious agents

  11. Subcutis/Hypodermis • innermost layer • contains subcutaneous fat and muscles • fat provides: • Insulation • reservoir for fluids, electrolytes, and energy • shock absorber

  12. hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, and claws grow out of the epidermis and dermis Skin Appendages

  13. Skin Appendages • hair follicles • cats and dogs are compound • follicles have a central hair surrounded by 3 to 15 smaller secondary hairs all exiting from one pore • born with simple hair follicles that develop into compound hair follicles. • growth of hair is affected by nutrition, hormones, and change of season • size, shape, and length of hair are controlled by genetics and hormones

  14. Skin Appendages • coat protects the skin from physical and UV light damage • coat helps regulate body temperature • trapping dead air space between secondary hairs conserves heat • cold-weather coat is longer and finer to facilitate heat conservation • coat can also help cool the skin • warm-weather coat has shorter, thicker hairs and fewer secondary hairs • anatomic change allows air to move easily through the coat

  15. Skin Appendages • Oil Glands (sebaceous glands) • secrete sebum into the hair follicles and skin • present in large numbers near the paws, back of the neck, rump, chin, and tail area • Sebum • mixture of fatty acids • keeps skin soft, moist, and pliable • Makes coat look shiny • has antibiotic properties

  16. Skin Appendages • Sweat glands • on feet • minor role in cooling

  17. Hereditary Hair Loss (Alopecia) • born totally or partially without hair • hairlessness can also develop with age • can be associated with abnormal teeth, claws, and eyes, or with skeletal and other developmental defects • prone to hair follicle infections and inflammation caused by foreign objects

  18. Albinism • always associated with pink or pale irises • visual defects and increased risk of skin damage from sunlight • some animals with extreme piebaldism (spotted or blotched with black and white) or dominant white have associated nervous system abnormalities or deafness in one or both ears

  19. Ringworm • infection of skin, hair, or claws caused by a dermatophyte (fungus); ZOONOTIC • develop circular, bald, scaly patches with broken hairs in ring-like whirls • common areas: face, ear tips, tail, & feet • Diagnosis: • fungal culture, UV lamp, and skin scraping (microscope) • Treatment: antifungal medications, medicated shampoos, isolation, disinfect all fomites

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