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Chatfield Senior High Physics

Chatfield Senior High Physics. History of Astronomy. Plato (4th C BC). Stars represent the heavens and are perfect Sun, planets, and stars move in the “perfect” circle. Aristarchus (3 C BC). First to propose the sun-centered universe (heliocentric)

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Chatfield Senior High Physics

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  1. Chatfield Senior High Physics History of Astronomy

  2. Plato (4th C BC) • Stars represent the heavens and are perfect • Sun, planets, and stars move in the “perfect” circle

  3. Aristarchus (3 C BC) • First to propose the sun-centered universe (heliocentric) • Not accepted because objects seemingly orbit around us

  4. Ptolemy (150 A.D.) • Proposed the Earth-centered (geocentric model) • Must use circles for orbits, but must account for orbits as observed in the sky

  5. Retrograde Motion of Mars

  6. Ptolemaic Model (Geocentric)

  7. Copernicus (1473-1543) • Proposed the well accepted Sun-centered (heliocentric) model • Not simpler than the earth centered due to circular orbits

  8. Copernican (heliocentric) Model

  9. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) • Danish nobleman with a telescope set-up in his castle • He observed planetary objects with great accuracy and over a long span of time

  10. Tycho Brahe’s Castle

  11. Tycho Brahe’s Stellar Map

  12. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Used Tycho Brahe’s observation of Mars to develop a mathematical approach for orbital mechanics

  13. Kepler’s 1st Law A planetary orbit is an ellipse with the sun at one focal point

  14. Kepler’s 2nd Law Planets sweep out equal areas in equal times

  15. Kepler’s 3rd Law Periods and distance of orbits are related T is period in years R is the average radius of orbit in astronomical units (AU) k is 1 for any planet orbiting the sun

  16. Applications of Kepler’s Laws We will get to Mars through using the basic premises of these laws

  17. Galileo (1564-1642) • Galileo attacked the Catholic Church’s belief of a geocentric universe through scientific proof

  18. Dialogue of Two World Systems • This published document used satire to challenge the authority of the Catholic Church

  19. Moon craters Challenges perfection of heavens

  20. Galilean Moons of Jupiter Moons orbit Jupiter instead of the Earth

  21. Galileo’s Finger!

  22. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) • In addition to the three laws of motion he developed the law of universal gravitation

  23. Law of Universal Gravitation

  24. Focus of Unit • Kepler’s Laws of Motion as applied to Mars • Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation • Space exploration focusing on how spacecraft and eventually man will go to Mars

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