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Warm-Up – 2/7 – 10 minutes

Warm-Up – 2/7 – 10 minutes. Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor?

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Warm-Up – 2/7 – 10 minutes

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  1. Warm-Up – 2/7 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? • What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? • Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? • Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? • Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

  2. Questions / Comments

  3. Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? • What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? • Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? • Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? • Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

  4. Aircraft SystemsInduction Systems • Two types of induction systems are commonly used in small aircraft engines: • 1. The carburetor system, which mixes the fuel and air in the carburetor before this mixture enters the intake manifold.

  5. Aircraft SystemsInduction Systems • 2. The fuel injection system, which mixes the fuel and air immediately before entry into each cylinder or injects fuel directly into each cylinder.

  6. Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? • What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? • Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? • Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? • Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

  7. Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems • The chief disadvantage of the float carburetor, however, is its icing tendency.

  8. Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? • What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? • Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? • Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? • Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

  9. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • Carburetors are normally calibrated at sea-level pressure, where the correct fuel-to-air mixture ratio is established with the mixture control set in the FULL RICH position.

  10. Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? • What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? • Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? • Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? • Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

  11. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • However, as altitude increases, the density of air entering the carburetor decreases, while the density of the fuel remains the same.

  12. Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? • What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? • Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? • Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? • Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

  13. Aircraft SystemsMixture Control • During a descent from high altitude, the mixture must be enriched, or it may become too lean.

  14. Questions / Comments

  15. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • February 7 • In 1920... French aviator SadiLacointe, piloting a Nieuport-Delage 29V, becomes the first pilot to set a new Federation AeronautiqueInternationale(FAI) world speed record after World War I. • He reaches a measured speed of 275.862 km/h (171.141 mph) along 1 km (3,280 ft.) course.

  16. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • February 7 • In 1927... Georgetown University medical school in Washington, D.C., offers the first aviation medicine course in the United States.

  17. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • February 7 • In 1937... The prototype Blackburn B.24 Skua two-seat fighter/dive-bomber makes its maiden flight, piloted by "Dasher" Blake at Brough, Yorkshire; it is Britain's first dive-bomber.

  18. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • February 7 • In 1958... One of the best British soccer teams, Manchester United, has beenvirtually wiped out in an air crash. • The team was returning from Belgrade after victory against a Yugoslav opponent when their British European Airways (BEA) Airspeed AS.57 Ambassador failed to take off and crashed into a house in Munich, Germany.

  19. Questions / Comments

  20. February 2014

  21. Questions / Comments

  22. Chapter 6– Aircraft Systems FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

  23. Today’s Mission Requirements • Mission: • Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft. • Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems. • EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

  24. Aircraft SystemsExhaust Systems • Engine exhaust systems vent the burned combustion gases overboard, provide heat for the cabin, and defrost the windscreen. • An exhaust system has exhaust piping attached to the cylinders, as well as a muffler and a muffler shroud.

  25. Aircraft SystemsExhaust Systems • The exhaust gases are pushed out of the cylinder through the exhaust valve and then through the exhaust pipe system to the atmosphere.

  26. Aircraft SystemsExhaust Systems • For cabin heat, outside air is drawn into the air inlet and is ducted through a shroud around the muffler. • The muffler is heated by the exiting exhaust gases and, in turn, heats the air around the muffler. • This heated air is then ducted to the cabin for heat and defrost applications.

  27. Aircraft SystemsExhaust Systems • Exhaust gases contain large amounts of carbon monoxide, which is odorless and colorless. • Carbon monoxide is deadly, and its presence is virtually impossible to detect. • The exhaust system must be in good condition and free of cracks.

  28. Aircraft SystemsStarting Systems • Most small aircraft use a direct-cranking electric starter system. • This system consists of a source of electricity, wiring, switches, and solenoids to operate the starter and a starter motor. • Most aircraft have starters that automatically engage and disengage when operated.

  29. Aircraft SystemsStarting Systems • Electrical power for starting is usually supplied by an onboard battery, but can also be supplied by external power through an external power receptacle.

  30. Aircraft SystemsStarting Systems • The starter will not operate until the starting solenoid is energized by the starter switch being turned to the “start” position. • When the starter switch is released from the “start” position, the solenoid removes power from the starter motor.

  31. Aircraft SystemsStarting Systems • When starting an engine, the rules of safety and courtesy should be strictly observed. • One of the most important is to make sure there is no one near the propeller.

  32. Aircraft SystemsStarting Systems • In addition, the wheels should be chocked and the brakes set, to avoid hazards caused by unintentional movement. • To avoid damage to the propeller and property, the aircraft should be in an area where the propeller will not stir up gravel or dust.

  33. Aircraft SystemsCombustion • During normal combustion, the fuel/air mixture burns in a very controlled and predictable manner.

  34. Aircraft SystemsCombustion • Detonation is an uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture within the cylinder’s combustion chamber. • It causes excessive temperatures and pressures which, if not corrected, can quickly lead to failure of the piston, cylinder, or valves.

  35. Aircraft SystemsCombustion • In less severe cases, detonation causes engine overheating, roughness, or loss of power. • Detonation is characterized by high cylinder head temperatures and is most likely to occur when operating at high power settings.

  36. Aircraft SystemsCombustion • Common operational causes of detonation are: • Operation of the engine with extremely high manifold pressures in conjunction with low rpm. • Operation of the engine at high power settings with an excessively lean mixture.

  37. Aircraft SystemsCombustion • Detonation may be avoided by following these basic guidelines during the various phases of ground and flight operations: • Keep the cowl flaps (if available) in the full-open position while on the ground to provide the maximum airflow through the cowling.

  38. Aircraft SystemsCombustion • Use an enriched fuel mixture, as well as a shallower climb angle to increase cylinder cooling during takeoff and initial climb. • Avoid extended, high power, steep climbs. • Monitoring the engine instruments to verify proper operation

  39. Aircraft SystemsCombustion • Preignition occurs when the fuel/air mixture ignites prior to the engine’s normal ignition event.

  40. Aircraft SystemsCombustion • Preignitioncauses the engine to lose power, and produces high operating temperature. • As with detonation, preignition may also cause severe engine damage, because the expanding gases exert excessive pressure on the piston while still on its compression stroke.

  41. Aircraft SystemsCombustion • Detonation and preignition often occur simultaneously and one may cause the other. • It is often difficult to distinguish between the two.

  42. Aircraft SystemsCombustion • Using the recommended grade of fuel and operating the engine within its proper temperature, pressure, and rpm ranges reduce the chance of detonation or preignition.

  43. Questions / Comments

  44. Class SummaryIgnition Systems • Carburetor heat is an anti-icing system that preheats the air before it reaches the carburetor, and is intended to keep the fuel/air mixture above the freezing temperature to prevent the formation of carburetor ice.

  45. Class SummaryOil Systems • In a fuel injection system, the fuel is injected directly into the cylinders, or just ahead of the intake valve.

  46. Questions / Comments

  47. 1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson. 3. List 3 things you learned today. 2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson. Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1

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