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青岛滨海学院精品课程

青岛滨海学院精品课程. 英语精品课程 孙敏副教授. 第六章 词语的翻译. 第一节 汉语中多义词、歧义词及双关语的英译处理 实践一 第二节 同义词与反义词的英译处理 实践二 第三节 抽象性词语、形象性词语及拟声词的英译处理 实践三 第四节 数词与量词的英译处理 实践四 第五节 虚词的英译处理 实践五 第六节 文言虚词的英译处理 实践六

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青岛滨海学院精品课程

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  1. 青岛滨海学院精品课程 英语精品课程 孙敏副教授

  2. 第六章 词语的翻译 • 第一节 汉语中多义词、歧义词及双关语的英译处理实践一 • 第二节 同义词与反义词的英译处理实践二 • 第三节 抽象性词语、形象性词语及拟声词的英译处理实践三 • 第四节 数词与量词的英译处理实践四 • 第五节 虚词的英译处理实践五 • 第六节 文言虚词的英译处理实践六 • 第七节 连动式与兼语式的英译处理实践七 • 第八节 定语性词组和状语性词组的英译处理实践八 • 第九节 习语与对偶语句的英译处理 实践九 • 第十节 词语基本译法综述实践十

  3. 第一节 汉语中多义词、歧义词及双关语的英译处理 • “词本无义,义随人生。”(Eric Partridge: Words do not have meaning; people have meanings for words.)因此,出现了多义词、歧义词及双关语等常见而难以翻译的语言现象。本节将着重讨论这些语言现象和英译问题。 • 一、多义词的处理 • 任何一个词,用在新的上下文中就有了新义。可见,要确定多义词在特定语境中的含义一要紧密联系上下文,二要注意这些语言现象和英译问题。 • 1.上下文与语义选择 • 例如,“发”是多义词, 在下列语句中含义不同, 英译时必须分别选择在特定上下文中的英语对应词。 • (1)发货 to deliver goods • (2) 发传单 to distribute leaflets • (3) 发言 to speak at a meeting • (4) 发光发热 to emit light and heat • (5) 发电 to generate electricity 目录

  4. 再如, “意见”的基本意义与英语的opinion , view, suggestion 等相近,但究竟如何译还要视上下文而定。 • (1)两位领导人就双边关系共同关心的问题交换了意见。 • The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations of issues of common concern. • (2) 党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。 • A party member should listen carefully to be opinions of the masses. • (3)他们对这项计划提出了修改的意见。 • They made some suggestions for the revision of the plan. • (4)大家对你很有意见。 • People have a lot of complaints about you. • (5)他们就推举谁做下届总统候选人取得了一致意见。 • They have reached unanimity on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election. • (6) 他们会上闹起了意见。 • They got into dispute at the meeting.

  5. 2.上下文与词义的褒贬 • 译词必须辨析词义的褒贬。现代汉语中视上下文区分褒贬的词很多。现以“热衷”、“动心”为例略作说明。 • (1)他热衷于个人名利。 • He is always hankering after personal fame and gains. • (2)她热衷于花样滑冰。 • She is fond of figure skating. • (3) 金钱、美女、城市的繁华生活,都没有使他动心,他仍旧埋头科学研究。 • Neither money nor pretty women, still less the pleasures of city life, lured him away from immerging himself in scientific studies. • “动心”再很多情况下用作褒义,但在上句中,显然带有贬义。因此,不能用attract, appeal, rouse one’s desire等来译, 英选用贬义的lure。

  6. 3.上下文与词义的广狭 • 汉英相比,汉语中整体思维,命名统一,故多类名词,而英语少类名词。如英语有skin(人皮), bark (树皮), hide (兽皮), cover(书皮),却没有与统称“皮”对应的词。汉语中,有时用类名词表示一部分。英译时,就需要根据上下文宾别词义的广狭。例如: • (1)出入下车 • No cycling at the gate. • (2) 兔死狐悲。 • The fox mourns the death of the hare-like grieves fir like. • 此处“兔”与“狐”相提并论,应指“野兔” (hare) • (二)搭配 • 汉英表达习惯不同。翻译时,应在准确把握上下文的基础是那个,根据英语习惯进行词语搭配。例如,“看”在下列各句中译法不同: • (1)我看出了他的心事。 • I could read his mind. • (2)他看出了她的破绽。 • He spotted her weak point.

  7. 二、歧义词 • 歧义词指同时具有两种或两种以上解释的词,这些词的实际意义与其字面意义不同,容易引起误解或误译。下面介绍三种情况: • (一)古今含义不同的词 • 有些词古今含义不同,翻译时应弄清不同的历史含义。 • (1)君不闻汉家山东二百州,千村万落生荆杞。(杜甫《兵车行》) • Have you not herd-in Shandong there two hundred districts lie/All overgrown with briar and weed and wasted utterly?(Tr. Fletcher) • 据考据家考证,在古代, “山东”指华山以东,不是现在的山东省。 • (2)贾政笑道:“不当过奖他。他年小的人,不过以一知充十用,取笑罢了。”(曹雪芹《红楼梦》) • “ No exaggerated praise, if you please, or the boy will get notions about his bit of knowledge. Better laugh at him; it would be more beneficial to him, “ objected China Cheng, smiling. (Tr. Florence &Isabel McHugh) • “取笑”在此意为for fun译为 laugh at (嘲笑),是以今度古。试比较杨宪益夫妇的译文:

  8. “You mustn’t flatter the boy”, protested China Cheng with a smile. “He’s simply making a ridiculous parade of his very limited knowledge. • “取笑”一词未单独译出,其意融于上下文之中。 • 有些词,在古今汉语中的本义虽没有变,但词义的轻重有所变化。英译时,也应予以充分注意。例如: • 女子要求男的具有男子气,而男子则要求女方贤惠,温柔,善于操持家务。 • Women expected manly men, and men look for virtuous, warm and tender –hearted women, capable of housekeeping. • “贤惠”一词的词意已随时代发生了变化。它的旧义较重,指孝敬公婆,顺从夫婿,很接近“三从四德”。现在,“贤惠”通常指通情达理,襟怀明豁,译为 “virtuous似欠妥帖。有人改译为: • Women favor manly men, and men expect the kind of women who are considerate and broad-minded, gentle and soft, and capable of housekeeping.

  9. (二) 同形异义词 • 古汉语中多单音节词,这些单音节词逐步向双音节词发展。于是,与现代汉语相比较,古汉语的一些形同义不同的词需要特别注意。例如“妻子”在古汉语中是两个词,指妻子和儿女,而在现代汉语中仅指前者。 • (1)诗曰:“妻子好合,如鼓瑟琴;兄弟既翕,和乐且耽。(《中庸》) • It is said in The Book of Songs: “ Living affectionately with one’s wife and children is like playing musical instruments harmoniously. Getting along fraternally with one’s brothers is highly delightful.” • (2) 矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。 • 译文I: Helpless widows, the lonely, as well as the sick and disabled, are well cared for. • 译文II: Widowers, widows , orphans, childless old people, the physically handicapped and the sick should all be properly taken care of. • 译文I显然没有注意古今汉语的不同,误将“孤独”当作现代汉语中的一个词来译。 • (3)“八德”指的是“忠孝仁爱信义和平”。 • 译文I: The Eight Virtues refer to loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, faith, justice, peace. • 译文II: The Eight Virtues embrace loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, faith, justice, harmony and peace. • 现代汉语忠的“和平”就是peace,古汉语忠却是两个单音节词,意为harmony 和peace。

  10. (4)操曰:“汝既为水军都督,可便宜从事,何必禀我?”(罗贯中《三国演义》)(4)操曰:“汝既为水军都督,可便宜从事,何必禀我?”(罗贯中《三国演义》) • “As naval commanders, you do what you see fit”, retorted Cao Cao. “What is the use of telling me this?” • 现代汉语中,“便宜”有“价钱低”、“小利”或“轻饶某人”的意思,但引文中的“便宜”应读作bianyi,表示“按实际情况办事”。两个词实为同形异音异义词。 • (三)一物多称 • 汉英语言中都有用不同的词语指代同一事物的现象,如金星亦称启明星或太白星。英语中也有Venus和Vesper两种说法。再如,银河也有很多名称,如迢迢河汉女”、“长河渐落晓星沉”、“差池上舟楫,窈窕入云汉”、“星河欲转千帆舞”中的“河汉”、“长河”、“云汉”、“星河”均指银河(the Milk Way)。如果不了解这一点,就容易译错。著名汉学家(Arthur Waley)就曾经把“河汉”译为the Han River。再如:

  11. (贾雨村)……偶遇两个旧友,认得新盐政,知他正要请一西席教训女儿,遂将贾雨村荐进衙门去。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》)(贾雨村)……偶遇两个旧友,认得新盐政,知他正要请一西席教训女儿,遂将贾雨村荐进衙门去。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》) • Fortunately, he had two old friends here who knew that Salt Commissioner was looking for a tutor. Upon their recommendation Yu-tsun wan given the post, which provided the security he needed. (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang) • 汉语中,对教师的称呼也有好多,如“西席”、“西宾”、“先生”、“师长”“师傅”等,万万不可将“西席”译为west seat或guest from the west. • (四)俗语、称谓 • 俗语用法不依常规,若单凭字面意义翻译,很容易译错。称谓也不宜按字面处理。例如: • (1)自从嫁得你哥哥,吃他忒善了,被人欺负。 (施耐庵《水浒传》) • 译文I: Ever since I was wed to your brother I have suffered too much from him and people have deceived me and …(Tr. Peral Buck) • 译文II: Ever since I married your brother, people have taken advantage of his excessive meekness and never ceased to insult us. (Tr. Clement Egerton) • “吃“在此为俗语用法,并非”吃亏“之意,而表示原因。译文I中得suffer源于理解有误。

  12. (2)若得一人到颖州取得小弟家眷上山,实拜成全之福。(施耐庵《水浒传》)译文I: If there are those who go into the soldier’s camp to find my brother’s household and bring them here, the whole city will know of it. (Tr. Pearl Buck) • 译文II: If some one should go to Yingzhou to fetch my family members to the mountain, I should be very grateful for our reunion. • “小弟”是谦称,指说话人本人。 • (3)兄弟我虽不才,但还懂得“不以言举人,不以言废人”的道理。 • Ignorant as I am, I know not to promote a person for what he says nor to undervalue what is said because of the person who says it. • “兄弟”为方言,不能照字面译成elder and young brother. • 三、双关语的英译 • 所谓双关,就是利用语音、语义条件使得某些词或句子在特定语境狭具有明暗双重意义,因此有一语双关之说。双关语的英译主要有以下三种情形:

  13. (一)直译加注 • 一种语言中两个同音词能构成双关,在另一种语言里很难找到类似的两个词;一个词在一种语言里有两种意思可以构成双关,它在另一语言中的对应词很难也有同样的两种意思。英译时,只能借助注解。例如: • 祖师道:“……你姓什么?”猴王又道:“我无性。……一生无性。” • 祖师道:“不是这个性。你父母原来姓什么?”(吴承恩《西游记》) • “Oh well, “said the Patriarch, “…But tell me, what is your hsing?” • “ I never show hsing,” said the Monkey. “All my life I have never shown hsing.” • “ I don’t mean that kind of hsing,” said the Patriarch, “ I mean what was your , what surname had they?”(Tr. Arthur Waley) • Note: There is a pun on hsing, “surname”, and hsing, “temper”. • 加注法也有不足,它削弱了双关原语的艺术效果。

  14. (二)有些双关语实属不可译,只能将就译出意思。例如:(二)有些双关语实属不可译,只能将就译出意思。例如: • (1) 观后面画着一簇鲜花,一床破席……(曹雪芹《红楼梦》) • On the next page Pao-yu saw painted a brush of flowers and a tattered mat…(Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang) • 原文中, “花”、“席”暗示袭人。汉语中“花”为姓,“席”与“袭”同音,在英语中跟男找到与他们对应的双关词。若加注,则篇幅太长。 • (2)玉带林中挂,金簪学里埋。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》) • Buried in snow the broken golden hairpin, • And hanging in the wood the belt of jade. (Tr. Yang Xianyi &Gladys Yang) • “玉带林”暗指林黛玉, “金簪雪”指薛宝钗。都是双关语,无法译出。 • (3) 春蚕到死丝方尽,蜡炬成灰泪始干。(李商隐《无题》) • And the silk-worms of spring will weave until they die, • And every night the candles will weep till they dry. • “丝”与“思”同音,构成双关。

  15. (三)双关语难译,但不能因此放弃努力。相反,译者应付出更多的创造性劳动。事实上,也不乏有关佳作。例如:(三)双关语难译,但不能因此放弃努力。相反,译者应付出更多的创造性劳动。事实上,也不乏有关佳作。例如: • (1) 你是萍—凭什么打我的儿子。例如:(曹雨《雷雨》) • Why, you are my—mighty with your fist? • (2)狗撵鸭子呱呱叫。 • Chased by the dog, the ducks quack-crack. • 补充材料: • 汉语双关语大致可分为三个类型:语音双关,语意双关和二者兼有的双关。在汉语双关语的英译过程中虽然存在着一定的困难和局限,制约着双关语的翻译,但只要我们在翻译中掌握一定的技巧和方法,汉语双关语的英译还是可行的,以下介绍了几种双关语的翻译方法和技巧:

  16. (一)在英语中找到一个相应的双关语   双关语的翻译中有少量的例证说明,当原文直接翻译成译文时,会出现一个相应的双关语,这是由于在原文和译文当中出现了发音或词义方面的偶合现象,而这种现象在双关语的翻译当中显然是不多见的。例如:母亲和宏儿都睡着了。我躺着,听船底潺潺的水声,知道我在走我的路。(鲁迅《故乡》)Mother and Hong’er fell asleep. I lay down, listening to the water rippling beneath the boat, and knew that I was going my way. 在汉语和英语里,走我的路和 “going my way” 都有双关的含义。有时也会看到这类例子,译者在译文中采用与原文对等的双关语来取代原文中的双关语,能够做到这一点需要的是对原文和译文两种语言的娴熟掌握,以及在翻译中的灵感和创造性工作。下面有一个简单的例子:为什么河流总是富有的?因为它总是向前(钱)流。Why is the river rich? Because it has two banks .

  17. (二)采取类似的或其他形式的双关   在英语中可以找到相对应和对等的双关的情况很少,有些时候可以根据汉语和英语的各自文化特点和底蕴,用相关的、类似的或其他形式的双关词语进行代替。许渊冲在翻译李商隐的《无题》第三句“春蚕到死丝方尽”时就采用了此种方法:Spring silkworm till its death spins silk from lovesick heart. 译文既译了“丝”(silk) ,又译了“思”(lovesick) ,且sick和silk不但音似(谐音),而且形似,堪称是双关语的妙译。   (三)借助其他修辞手段翻译,以求达到双关效果   在许多情况下,双关语的翻译中其言内意义是难以传达的,因为这是双关语翻译中的顽疾。如果有可能,译者可以采用其他的修辞手段,作为对双关语言内意义的补偿。比喻是较为常用的一种手法。这样做可以较准确地传达原文作者的意图,同时对原文的言内意义进行一定的补偿。例如:东边日出西边雨,倒是无晴却有晴。(刘禹锡《竹枝词》)The west is veiled in rain; the east enjoys sunshine. My dear one is as deep in love as day is fine.

  18. (四)直译法   如果原文中双关语是由两个外形及发音都很接近的词构成,我们一般会直译出这两个词的意义。在这种情况下,原文的所指意义被传达了,而言内意义往往被丢失。一个语言符号和其所指意义之间的关系具有随意性和约定俗成性,因此两个在原文中构成双关语的词在译文中往往不再能构成双关。例如:美国人在北平,在天津,在上海,都撒了些救济粉,看一看什么人愿意弯腰是起来。姜太公钓鱼,愿者上钩。(毛泽东《别了,司徒雷登》)The Americans have sprinkled some relief flour in Peiping, Tientsin and Shanghai to see who will stoop to pick it up. Like Chiang Tai Kung ng, they have cast the line for the fish who want to be caught.   (五)意译法   在无法直意的情况下我们通常会选择把句子原有的意思表达出来,这就是我们所说的意译法,将其深层内含的意思表述给读者,以便其更好地理解作品内容和内涵。在此种情况下也往往不再构成双关。例如:惶恐滩头说惶恐,零丁洋里叹零丁。(文天祥《过零丁洋》)For the perils on Perilous Beach Heaved sights; On Lonely Ocean now I feel dreary and lonely.再如:丰年好大雪,珍珠如土金如铁。 The Hsuehs in their affluence Are so rich and grand, Gold is like iron to them And pearls like sand.

  19. (六)添加注解   注解也是双关语翻译中常常采取的一种方式,借以对原文信息进行补充说明。尤其是对诗歌等文学体裁进行翻译时,注解常被采用。例如曹雪芹《红楼梦》中的一句:将那三春看破,桃红柳绿待如何? She will see through the three Springs ① And set no store By the red of peach-blossom,the green of willows …   ① A pun meaning the three months of spring and the three elder girls . All the girls had the character chun (spring) in their names.   但是应该说,注解是双关翻译时不得己采取的一种方法,因为在阅读注解的过程中,双关语所独有的幽默、智慧或讽刺的意味会大大损失。

  20. 翻译实践 • 一、翻译下列词组: • 1.商品经济 commodity economy 2. 市场经济 market economy • 3.国有经济 state-owned economy 4. 国营经济 state-run economy • 5.个体经济individual economic activity 6.外向型经济 export-oriented economy • 7.集体所有制 collective ownership 8.公有制 public ownership • 9. 出口创汇型企业 foreign-exchange earning enterprise • 10. 劳动(资金、技术)密集型产业 labour-(capital-, technology-) intensive industry • 11.合资企业 joint venture 12.外商独资企业 exclusively foreign-funded enterprise

  21. 二、翻译下列句子,注意词义的褒贬、轻重: • 1.你不要兔死狗烹嘛。 • You ought not to kill the hounds once all the hares are bagged. • 2.他们讲索取,我们讲奉献。 • They preach taking from others, whereas we advocate giving to others. • 3.她追求的是真理,而他追求的是荣华富贵。 • What she seeks is truth, and what he hankers after is but high position and great wealth. • 4.他弄得家里鸡犬不宁。 • He stirred his whole family into a tempest. • 5.他对客队的主教练吹捧有加。 • He lavished praises on the head coach of the guest team.

  22. 翻译下列各句,注意歧义词的翻译: • 1.后太子犯法,刑其师傅,于是人民不敢违。 • Later on when the son of Prince Xiao offended against the law his teacher was punished so that on one dared to violate the law. • 2.故将军起东江,刘豫州收众汉南,与曹操并争天下。 • Then you raised your army east of the Yangtse River while Liu Bei assembled his forces south of the Han River and you are contesting for the empire with Cao Cao. • 3.王者重言,伯者重信,不可以女子微躯,而负明于天下,国之祸也。 • Emperors must be true to their words, and princes must keep promises. If you break a promise simply because of your sympathy for an unworthy girl like me, calamities would fall upon our country. • 4.(精卫)是炎帝之少女名曰女娃。 • The bird was said to be Emperor Yandi’s youngest daughter, Nǖwa • 5.君子成人之美。 • A gentleman is always ready to help others attain their aims.

  23. 第二节 同义词与反义词的英译处理 • 同义词处理 • 仔细辨析词义 • 在一种语言中,几个词表示同一事件、动作或概念的现象是很普遍的,这是因为同一事件、动作或概念也有好多具体情况。因此,要准确无误地翻译,首先应进行同义词辨析。 • 例如,同是描述“哭”的动作,却因方式不同而有“哽咽”、“饮泣”、“痛哭”、“号啕大哭”等许多词,英语中也有sob, weep, cry, wail等同义词。翻译时,应在弄清原文意思的基础上,选用最贴近的对等词。一般说来,“呜咽”、“哽咽”、“抽泣”与sob对应,“饮泣”、“流泪”与weep对应,“痛哭”与cry对应,“号啕大哭”与wail对应。 • 再如: • 健康的、有益健康的、卫生的 • 英语中有healthy, healthful, wholesome 三词。其中,healthy 主要指健康的状态,healthful 指有益健康的,而wholesome则主要指食物等卫生可口。请看下述例句:

  24. (1)幼儿园的孩子们看上去健康活泼。 • The children in the kindergartens look healthy and lively. • (2)议员为病人提供有助于健康的食物。 • The patients are provided with a very healthful diet in the hospital. • (3) 学校食堂做的饭菜卫生可口,我很爱吃。 • I like the wholesome food prepared by the school canteens. • 2比较、对比 • 两者都有两种事物相对的意思。但前者重在比较两事物的异同或优劣,后者则强调把两事物并列起来,突出其不同之处。两者在英语中的对应分别是 compare和contrast。 • (1)让我们把译文和原文作一番比较,看看有无出入。 • Compare the translation with the original so as see if there is any discrepancy. • (2)他的行为和他的诺言很不相符,很少有人相信他。 • His conduct contrasts so sharply with his promise that very few people believe him.

  25. 2.引导、领导、指导 • 英语中lead, guide, conduct, direct 等词具有此义。其中,lead指走在前引路,也可表示“领导”、“指挥”;guide除表示“充当向导”外,也指给予行动上、思想上的指导;conduct主要用语引客入座、引导参观;direct意义较抽象,指依照权利指导、管理政务、厂务或事物等。 • 试译下列句子: • 1.司令员亲自率领军队作战。 • The commander himself led the army into battle. • 2.这本书会指导你更好地掌握写作技巧。 • This book will guide you towards a better mastery of the art of writing. • 3.参观的人们被引导到工厂各处参观。 • The visitors were conducted over the factory. • 4.组建了一个专门委员会来领导这次运动。 • A special committee has been formed to direct the campaign. • 4.熟透、成熟 • 前者主要用语物质方面,多修饰具体事物,如庄稼、果实等;后者则较抽象,指智力、个性等经过培养、训练变得完全、发达。英语中与“熟透”对应的是ripe,与“成熟”对应的是mature,但并非一成不变,ripe也可喻指条件完全具备。例如:

  26. 这些西瓜熟透了,该摘了。 • These watermelons are just ripe. It’s high time to pick them. • (2)这是一个很成熟的计划,现在的问题是如何实施。 • This is a well-considered plan. What is now important is how to put it into effect. • (二)注意感情色彩的差异 • 有些词虽然词义相近,但使用者的态度可能有所不同,翻译时,也应区别对待。例如: • 1.嫉妒、羡慕 • 二者都含有“眼馋别人的优势”之意,不过前者消极,后者积极。前者相当于英语的be jealous of;后者与admire相对应。但英语词envy词义两义兼有。 • (1)学生很羡慕她的博学。 • Students admire her for her wide range of knowledge. • (2) 你不该嫉妒别人,说人家的坏话。 • It is unwise of you to be jealous of others and to speak evil of others. • (3)不少女人忌妒张小姐的美貌。 • Miss Zhang’s beauty is the envy of a lot of women. • 2.闲散、懒惰 • “闲散”含“清闲”之意,无贬义;“懒惰”指“松懈拖沓、厌恶工作”,为贬义。前者多译成idle,后者常译为lazy。 • (1)应把闲散人员变为生产工人。 • We should turn the idle breeder eaters into productive workers. • (2)在我们的社会里,懒惰是一种耻辱。 • To be lazy is considered a disgrace in our society.

  27. (三)注意搭配习惯 • 同义词往往在用法上有较大差别。其中非常重要的一方面是搭配习惯的不同。例如: • 1.撤销、取消、取缔、吊销 • 四个词都指取掉,但对象不同。“撤销”的对象多是决定、职务或机构;“取消”的对象是制度、资格或其他抽象事物;“取缔”则指国家转正籍贯禁止一些团体或活动;“吊销”主要的对象则是证书类的执照等。请看下列句子: • (1)那位贪污受贿的官员被撤销了职务。 • The official who is guilty of corruption and taking bribes has been dismissed from his post. • (2)取消中国的最惠国待遇,最大的受害者将是美国。 • The U.S. will suffer most if it discontinues China’s most favorized-nation status. • (3)政府授权工商部门严厉取缔投机倒把活动。 • Departments in charge of industry and commerce are authorized by the government to ban speculation and profiteering.

  28. (4)他因违章开车被永远吊销了驾驶执照。 • His driving license has been revoked once and for all because of his violation of traffic regulations. • 2.有效的、效率高的 • 两者都有效果好的意思。但前者可用于药物、措施等,后者可用于管理、机构及人。例如: • (1)这种专利药品治风湿性关节炎挺有效。 • This patent medicine is effective against rheumatic arthritis. • (2)执勤的交警立即采取了有效措施来疏导阻塞的车辆。 • The traffic policemen on point duty took effective measures to relieve traffic jams. • (3)他是个很能干的领导,很快就把事情理顺了。 • An efficient executive, he soon had matters running smoothly. • (4)有效的管理是降低成本的重要因素。 • Efficient management is one of the factors which will lower production cost.

  29. 3.回答、反应 • 两个词兼作动词和名词,但前者常用作及物动词,后者多作不及物动词。英语中,answer, reply既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词;respond只作不及物动词。 • (1)接下来女发言人回答了记者的提问。 • For the next few minutes the spokeswoman answered questions from some journalists and correspondents. • (2)中国通过对美国商品征收惩罚性关税作为对美方违反中美贸易协定的回答。 • China replied to America’s violation of the Sino-US trade agreement with imposing punitive tax on American exports to China. • (3)他的演说在听众中反应平平。 • His speech met with (called forth) an indifferent response in his audience.或His audience responded to his speech indifferently. • (四) 区分文体意义 • 同义词的差别还表现在应用场合上,即其语体色彩的不同。比如,有的词为口语,有的为书面语;有的随便,有的正式;有的粗俗,有的高雅;有的为日常用语,有的为专业术语;有的适合孩子,有的符合成人,等等。例如:

  30. 喜欢、青睐 • (1) 她特别喜欢唱卡拉OK。 • She is especially fond of singing through karaoke set. • (2)以上事实说明中国出口商品越来越受外国顾客的青睐。 • The above facts lead to the conclusion that Chinese export commodities have enjoyed growing favor among buyers abroad. • 2.询问、审问 • 前者为日常用语,后者为法律用语。 • (1)昨天我打热线询问了一些有关如何购买、安装使用数字传呼机的问题。 • Yesterday I asked some questions through the hot line about buying, installing and using a digital B. P. • (2)连长正在审问战俘。 • The company commander was interrogating a prisoner of war.

  31. 3.漂亮、可爱、美丽、端庄 • 英语中表示好看的词有beautiful, pretty, handsome, lovely, fair等等。一般说来,“漂亮”最为常用,可以beautiful 来译;“可爱”多形容女性及孩童,与pretty或lovely接近;“美丽”较为正式些,是文学用语,有时“美丽”可译成fair;“端庄”多指女性端正大方,可译成handsome,但后者修饰男性时作“漂亮”讲。总之,这些词使用灵活,翻译也难固定。例如: • 他是一个体态优美的青年,免冠去靴,净高一米八,是个运动员的体格,肩宽体壮,举止沉稳,仪态端庄。 • He is a fine, upstanding young man, 1.80 meters tall in his stockinged feet and of an athletic build, with broad shoulders and a confident carriage. • 4.困难、棘手 • (1)那个小男孩把魔方摆弄了半天,摇摇头说:“真难!” • Having tried a long time, the little boy shook his head at Rubik’s cube, saying, “This is too much.” • (2) 老局长听完案情报告,皱着眉头道:“这个很棘手!” • Having heard the report on the case, the head of the public security bureau frowned, saying, “There’s the rub.” • This is too much和There’s the rub体现了两个相关人物的年龄和身份差别。

  32. 二、反义词的处理 • 汉语中,两个单音节反义词常结合在一起构成一个新的双音节词,和表示抽象概念,或表示无条件,有时还保存了原来的一定的意义。由于字面意义与实际意义不同,且情况比较复杂,很容易造成译者的误解。下面举例予以说明: • 1.表示状况、距离、程度、大小等 • (1)那大圣闻言暗笑道:“这如来十分好呆,我老孙一筋斗去十万八千里,他那手掌方圆不满一尺,如何跳不出去?”(吴承恩《西游记》) • “This Buddha,” Monkey thought to himself, “is a perfect fool. I can jump a hundred and eight thousand leagues, while his palm cannot be as much as eight inches across. How could I fail to jump clear of it?” • (2)那个湖方圆八百里。 • The lake has a circumference of 800 li. • (3)方圆左右的人,谁不知道她。 • Who in the neighborhood doesn’t know her. • (4)屋里静悄悄的,一点儿动静没有。 • It was still in the house, nothing stirring. • “动静”表示声响,译文根据英文习惯以融合法作了处理。

  33. 2.表示无条件 • 汉语中表示无条件“无论怎样“的词,如“好歹”、“横竖”、“左右”、“反正”、“早晚”等,都是由两个意义相反的单音节词构成的双音节词。英译时,常以anyway, in any case, anyhow或其他表示无条件的英语表达法进行转换。 • (1)不管怎样,反正工作不能停。 • Come what may, the work must go on. • (2) 反正得去个人,就让我去吧。 • Since someone has to go anyway, let me go. • 试比较两种译文的优劣: • (3)你左右将道村子里去卖,一般还你钱。便卖些与我们,打什么不紧……(施耐庵《水浒传》) • 译文I: You take right and left into the village to sell and we will give you the same money. Sell some to us, therefore, and what cursed matter is that…(Tr.Pearl Buck) • 译文II: In any case, you are taking it to the village to sell. Sell us some wine and we pay you the same price. What cursed matter is that?

  34. 表示比喻 • (1)两种办法各有得失。 • Each of the two methods has its advantages and disadvantages. • “得”、“失”原为“得到(gain)和失去(loss)但在这里,则指优点和缺点。 • (2)这篇文章纯粹是在颠倒黑白。 • The writer of the article is doing nothing but confusing right and wrong. • 英语中,也有confound black and white 的用法,因此也可以照字面译。但必须看出,“黑白“在此是比喻用法。 • 4.有些合成词依旧保持了单音节词的原意,表示对应关系,英译时常按字面直译。 • 不计较个人得失 never give thought to personal gain or loss • 远近闻名 be known far and wide • 悲欢离合 joys and sorrows, partings and reunions • 真假 true and false; genuine and sham • 有趣的是,汉语中有些看似相反的词却表示相同的意思,如:“大胜”和“大败”。 • (1)中国女排在决赛中以3∶0大胜古巴队。 • The China’s women volleyball team beat the Cuban team with a three love in the finals. • (2)那位直拍选手,在半决赛中充分发挥长抽短吊和近台快攻的特长,大败世界头号种子选手。 • The pen-hold grip player, who brought into full play his skill of combining long drive with short drop shots and fast attacks over the table, dethroned the world first seeded player in the semi-finals.

  35. (二)由于汉英两个民族的思维方式不同,思维反映现实的角度不同,在某些思维内容的表层形式上,汉英语言竟呈现出截然不同的视角,许多汉语词译成英语后变成了自身的反义词,翻译是要特别注意。例如:(二)由于汉英两个民族的思维方式不同,思维反映现实的角度不同,在某些思维内容的表层形式上,汉英语言竟呈现出截然不同的视角,许多汉语词译成英语后变成了自身的反义词,翻译是要特别注意。例如: • 太平门 emergency exit (太平-危急) • 自学 self-taught (学-教) • 肤浅 skin-deep (浅-深) • 九五折 a five percent discount (九五-五) • 红眼 green-eyed (红-绿) • 红茶 black tea (红-黑) • 红糖 brown sugar (红-棕) • 寒衣 warm clothes (寒-暖) • (三)汉英语言的重要差别之一就是,汉语是图形化方块字,不具备形态发生学优势,而注重词的附加、黏着;英语形态手段丰富,词语有曲折变化,词缀附加现象远比汉语显著。词缀可以把一个词变成它的对应词,根据这一点,汉语反义词英译时,除了译成相应的英语词外,还可以借助词缀法。例如:

  36. (1)人的生命是有限的,而为人民服务是无限的。(1)人的生命是有限的,而为人民服务是无限的。 • One’s life is limited but serving the people is limitless. • (2) 这是个编码过程,同时又是个解码过程。 • This is an encoding process as well as a decoding one. • (3)你看,这个书店只我一人,我既当老板,又当店员。 • I myself alone keep the book store. So, you see, I am both the employer and the employee. • (4)孟子曰:“体有贵贱……无以贱害贵。” • Mencius said, “The human body has its important parts and unimportant parts… one should not do harm to the important parts for the sake of protecting the unimportant.” • (5)这家药膳店里的菜贵的、贱的都有。 • The restaurant specializing in medicated food cooks dishes both expensive and inexpensive. • 英语中,costly和dear也表示“价格高的”,但含有“价不符实”的意思;cheap也表示“价格低的”,但有“价格不高”或“质量差”的含义。因此,译为expensive and inexpensive比较得当。

  37. 翻译实践 • 一、口译下列词语: • 1 保护关税 protective tariffs • 2 互惠关税 reciprocal tariffs • 3 报复性关税 retaliatory tariffs • 4 自由关税区 tariff-free zone • 5 保税仓库 bonded warehouse • 6 进口调节税 import regulatory tax • 7 工商税 industrial and commercial tax • 8 增值税 value added tax • 9 营业税 business tax 10销售税 sales tax

  38. 二、翻译下列句子,注意同义词的英译: • 1 不等她说完,那个业主已是勃然大怒。 • The entrepreneur had flown into a rage before he heard her out. • 2 现在,本庭休庭。下次开庭时间为15点整。 • Now, the court is to adjourn(休会). The next session will commence (开始)at 15∶00 . • 3 当南极考察队员们看到了陆地时,他们欢呼起来。 • The Antarctic explorers shouted with joy when they came in sight of land. • 4 他们在美国大使馆前举行集会,反对美国对其出口商品进行双重征税。 • They held a rally before the US embassy against US imposing double taxation on their exports. • 5 欧共体正在召开部长级会议讨论如何对付世界贸易组织中的技术性贸易壁垒问题。 • A ministerial conference was called among EEC members to discuss how to deal with the technical barriers to trade in the WTO.

  39. 三、翻译下列句子,注意反义词的处理: • 1 你真不知好歹。 • You simply couldn’t tell what’s good or bad for you. • 2 万一她有个好歹,我怎么办? • What if something should happen to her? • 3 这是后话。 • We’re getting ahead of the story. • 4 此事无足轻重。 • It’s matter of no consequence. • 5 此人说话不知轻重。 • That chap doesn’t know the proper way to talk.

  40. 第三节 抽象性词语、形象性词语及拟声词的英译处理 • 一、抽象性词语的英译 • 汉英两种语言中,都有相当数量的抽象词语,如雄辩、民主、贸易保护主义、权威、可行性、首创精神等,见于英语分别是eloquence, democracy, trade protectionism, authority, feasibility, initiative。因此,很多情况下,只要将汉语抽象词语译成其英语对应词即可。 • 但有些汉语抽象词,有时有其具体含义,有时无具体意义,只用于表明范畴。一般说来,表范畴的抽象词无需译出。举例来看,“完成工作”中的“工作”有具体含义,必须译出;而“他做翻译工作”中的“工作”则是表明范畴,不必译出,译出后反而不符号英语规范和习惯。汉语中表示范畴的抽象词语主要有“现象、问题、情况、态度、局面、制度、行为”等。下面举例说明:

  41. (1)他善于做信访工作。 • He is experienced in handling letters and visits from the masses. • (2)会谈中,双方集中讨论了保护知识产权方面的问题。 • During the talk, their discussion has been centered around protection of intellectual property rights. • (3) 我国社会主义工业化的建设及其成就,正在日益促进他们的这种积极性。 • Their enthusiasm is being constantly heightened by China’s socialist industrialization and its achievement. • “建设”表范畴的情况较罕见。但在这里,“工业化”本身就是一个建设过程,它在意义上是重复的,英译时不必译出。 • (4)禁止用迷信、暴力手段残害妇女。 • Cruel treatment causing injury or even death of women by superstition or violence is prohibited. • (5)由于人们在煤的汽化作用方面没有取得突破,空气污染以及酸雨的问题有可能恶化。 • As no breakthrough has been made in coal gasification, the problem of air pollution and acid rain is likely to worsen.

  42. 口头翻译 • 请口头翻译下列各句: • 1 近期内,迅速城市化与落后的基础设施之间的不协调状态不会有很大改观。 • The incongruity between rapid urbanization and a backward infrastructure will not lessen (减轻)substantially in the near future. • 2 这几年,取消订货的现象已不再发生。 • In recent years, there has been no cancellation (取消)of orders. • 3 他们的乐观主义精神令我们大为感动。 • Their optimism moved us greatly. • 4 目前,公司的经营情况已有所好转。 • At present, the business in our company is turning for the better. • 5 科学化、民主化的决策是实行民主集中制的重要环节。 • Scientific and democratic decision-making is essential to democratic centralism. • 6 将国与国之间的争端诉诸武力,并不是最好的解决办法。 • Recourse (求助) to arms is not the best solution to a conflict between countries.

  43. 二、形象性词语的英译 • 形象性词语,以具体象征抽象,传达微妙情思,生动有力,经常为文著书着所用。汉英都有丰富的形象性词语,但使用方法却有异同。翻译时,必须充分考虑这些异同。 • 习语(包括成语、言语、歇后语、俗语)是形象性词语的重要组成部分。这里仅就一般的形象性词语汉译英的处理作一番讨论。 • 人类的思维内容多共通之处,并且反映在语言的使用上。如形象的普遍性,即在两种语言中,同一形象表达相同的含义。在这种情况下,照字面翻译可保留原文的形象。 • (1)宝玉见王夫人起来,早一溜烟跑了。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》) • Pao-yu had vanished like smoke as soon as his mother sat up. (Tr.Yang Xianyi&Gladys Yang) • (2)相公可怜,抬举你做个提辖,比得芥菜子大小的官职,直得恁地逞能!(施耐庵《水浒传》) • Our lord pitied you and raised you to be a captain, but as an officer you are no larger than a mustard seed and mightily arrogant as this.

  44. (3) 数缝里也漏着一两点路灯光,没精打采的,是渴睡人的眼。(朱自清《荷塘月色》) • Through the branches are also a couple of lamps, as listless as sleepy eyes. • (4)吾视曹操百万之众,如群蚁耳!(罗贯中《三国演义》) • CaoCao’s million men in my eyes are just a swarm of ants.(Tr.Zhang Yiwen) • (5)天色向晚,东山月上,皎皎如同白日。长江一带,如横素练。(罗贯中《三国演义》) • When dusk fell, the moon rose over the eastern hills making all as bright as day. The Yantse under the moonlight seemed a length of white silk.(Tr. Zhang Yiwen) • (二)有些形象在中国人习以为常,在英美人却很难理解;有些形象两种语言都使用,但喻义却不同,这是两种文化差异造成的。为使译文读者理解无误,只好放弃原文形象,只译其喻义。 • (1)况锦衣玉食者未必能安于荆钗布裙也。(沈白《浮生六记》) • Besides, one who is used to beautiful dresses and nice food like her will hardly be satisfied with the lot of a poor housewife. (Tr. Lin Yutang) • “锦、玉”象征富贵美好,并非实指,以“玉”修饰“食”,是一种比喻用法,英美人对jade food会很费解,因此只需译其义;“荆钗布裙”喻指家境贫寒,若保留原文形象智慧给读者冗长拖沓、稀奇古怪之感,也只好意译。

  45. (2)会上,两方发生争执,一方拂袖而去。 • The two parties fell into a fierce dispute. At last one party got up abruptly and walked off in a huff. • “拂袖”一词是历史的产物。现代中国人已放弃了古代的服饰习惯,但汉语依旧保留了“拂袖”一词。但它只有喻义“发怒”,而无实义“拂袖”了。“拂袖而去”若译成left with a flick of their sleeves, 会有莫名其妙之感。 • (3)你告不赢他的,县里的当官的和他穿一条裤子。 • You won’t win the lawsuit against him. Officials in the county are hand in glove with him. • 汉语中表示“互相勾结”时说“与某人穿一条裤子”,而英语中则说“和某人戴一只手套”。 • (4)他一面喝咖啡,一面翻开油墨未干的晨报,看了起来。 • As he sipped his coffee, he unfolded a still damp morning paper and began reading. • (5)我不贪图下海挣大钱,只想毕业后在大学里找个铁饭碗。 • I don’t want to earn good money by engaging myself in trade, I just want to find upon graduation a secured job in a university.

  46. (三)形象词语生动、逼真、富有感染力。翻译时,应在不违反译语规范和不影响读者理解的前提下,尽量保持原有形象。例如:(三)形象词语生动、逼真、富有感染力。翻译时,应在不违反译语规范和不影响读者理解的前提下,尽量保持原有形象。例如: • 当下磕头如捣蒜,只求饶命。(吴敬梓《儒林外史》) • Koutowing as quickly as a pestle pounding onions, he begged that his life be spared.(Tr. Yang Xianyi &Glays Yang) • (2)她和我情同骨肉。 • She is as dear to me as my own flesh and blood. • “骨肉“变成了”血肉“,与原文形象稍有出入,但符合英语的表达习惯。 • 只见地宝同着差人,一条铁锁,锁了一个人来,跪在地下。像鸡子啄米似的,连声磕头……(刘鹗《老残游记》) • …the local headman and bailiff led in a man in chains, who knelt on the ground kowtowing continuously like a chicken pecking rice…(Tr. Yang Xianyi &Glays Yang) • (4)今曹公屯兵百万,将列千员,龙骧虎视,平吞江夏,公以为何如?(罗贯中《三国演义》) • Now Cao Cao is encamped with a million soldiers and a thousand generals, rampant as dragons and awe-inspiring as tigers. He was already swallowed up Jiang Xia. What of Cao Cao’s power?(Tr. Zhang Yiwen) • Rampant和awe-inspiring点明了“龙”、“虎”两个形象的比喻义。 • (5)妻扶视之,额头上堆起如巨卵焉。(蒲松龄《崂山道士》) • His wife, propping him up, saw a bump on his forehead as big as an egg.

  47. 三、拟声词的英译 • (一)音译法 • 有些汉语拟声词在英语中没有对应词。翻译中若需要保留此修辞手法,可采用音译法,即创造信的拟声词。 • 拟声造词不等于死译汉语发音,往往要加小音。比如,木鱼的“笃笃”声可译成tock-tock;鸟的“唧唧”声可译成jig-jig;发报机的“嗒嗒嗒”可译成tap-tap-tap,其中ck, g和p等汉语中没有箫音。情看下列的译例: • 来吧!唱吧!你嗨唉吧!我算跟你泡上啦……(曹寓《日出》) • Come on then! Sing up! Let’s hear your hai-ai-ing! Now that I’ • Hai-ai是“嗨唉”的音译,hai-ai-ing是其动名词形式。 • (2)“呃啾”的一声响,爱姑知道是七大人打喷嚏了,但不由得转过眼去看。(鲁迅《离婚》) • “Ah-tchew!” • Though Ai-ku knew it was only Seventh Master sneezing, she could not help turning to look at him.(Tr. Yang Xianyi &Glays Yang) • 作感叹词的汉语拟声词在一定上下文中往往表示说话者的感情或态度,英译时应从读者的角度考虑音译是否切实可行。试比较下面例句的两种译文:

  48. (3) “啊哟!”赵得宝怯痛地叫了一生,他的左手连忙去按摩着右胳膊。 • 译文I: “Ayo!” yelped Chao The-pao, his left hand flying to his right arm and rubbing it gently. • 译文II: “Ouch!” yelped Chao The-pao, his left hand flying to his right arm and rubbing it gently. • 很少英美人了解“哎哟”、“啊哟”表示疼痛。译文I无助于英语读者的理解,译文II采用英语中常用于表示痛的感叹词ouch,效果较加。 • 很多情况下,表示疼痛、惊讶、恐怖、高兴的“哎呀”,啊呀,咦,哟”等词,可以酌情借用英语同义感叹词来译。 • 1 咦,奇怪。 • Well, it’s strange. • 2 哎呀,钥匙丢了! • Damn, I’ve lost the key! • 3 哎哟,真烫! • Ow!, It’s piping hot! • 4 哼,我不像你,见钱就忘了命。 • Humph! I am not like you… show you a handful of coppers and you break your neck to get it. • 5 哦,这屋子怎么闷得很。 • Whew, it’s suffocating in here!

  49. (二) 补充法 • 补充法,即原文没有拟声词,为使译文形象生动而增添拟声词的方法。补充法应以不违背忠实于原文为原则。补充法主要用于以下情况: • 1.汉语中非生物的声音常笼统地用“……声”或“……响”来描述,不附加拟声词。英语中,各种非生物的声音一般都有专词表达。英译时,为增加语言的具体性,可以借助于这些专门词汇。例如: • (1)工地上传来了马达声。 • From the construction site comes the rumbling of the machines. • (2)清幽的小巷里响起了清脆的自行车铃声。 • I heard the crisp jangling of the bicycle rising from the quiet alley. • (3)刹车声刺激了我的神经。 • The screeching of the brakes got on my nerves. • (4)第二天清早,开门鞭炮响过,排门开了,林家铺子布置得又是一新。(茅盾《林家铺子》) • When the popping of fire-crackers heralded the opening of business the next morning, the shop of the Lin family again had a new look.

  50. 试译下列短语: 1皮鞋声 the clickery-clack of the leather shoes • 2.锣声 the clangour of the gong • 3.表的声音 the tick-tack of the watch • 4.雷声 the rumbling (rolling) of the thunder • 5 收音机的声音 the squeaking of the radio • 6 公共汽车声 the thumping of the bus • 7 麻将声 the clatter of mahjong • 8 门铃声 the jingle of the door bell • 2.现代汉语中,飞禽走兽等动物的叫声往往简单地用“……叫”或“……鸣”表示,英语却一般用专门的拟声词来表达。 • (1)天气还是热,蚊群在窗外柳树上叫着。……青蛙在城郊的田野里兴奋地叫着。 • The weather was still sultry and a swarm of mosquitoes was droning in the willows outside his window…frogs in the fields outside the town were croaking cheerfully.

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