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Lecture No. 2

Lecture No. 2. Some thoughts on Business Functions Hardware and Hardware Configurations Excel. These are available from the Web. The address is http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/courseware/cse1720 All of the overhead materials are in Office97 format.

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Lecture No. 2

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  1. Lecture No. 2 Some thoughts on Business Functions Hardware and Hardware Configurations Excel

  2. These are available from the Web. The address is http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/courseware/cse1720 All of the overhead materials are in Office97 format. The Tutorials is in K1.08 from midday to 1.00pm CSE1720 Overheads and other materials

  3. Friday 11th March is the last day to add a Semester 1 or full-year 0n-campus unit without the risk of a $73.00 late enrolment penalty And Wednesday 16th March : the ‘Enrolment Statement’ will be issued to all students University Notice

  4. To provide some insight into the business environment framework To briefly look at computer hardware functions, and in particular at a microcomputer configuration To look behind the scenes To introduce Directory and Directory structures Objectives of this Lecture

  5. To look at some more PC hardware To (briefly) look at some hardware configurations, including a parallel processor setup And, we’ll have a look at Excel (the software, not the car) Objectives of this Lecture

  6. Some Terminology Business Performance Management (not about Customers, Sales, Turnovers explicitly) Business Intelligence Key Performance Indicators - Internal Risk Management

  7. Business failure can stem from a lack of timely information or the Inability to manage pricing and product mix (as in Pan-Am some years ago) Lack of business acumen (skill, understanding, ????) Inadequate financial reporting Lack of performance reviews Poor cash flow management Poor or missing Internal controls Lack of funds Over borrowing High costs of finance Under capitalisation Business Failures ?

  8. Turnaround / Turnover Turnaround capital costs Restructuring expertise Over trading - George Lopez, CPA Insolvency Spokerperson - My Business Magazine ( ? Date) Business Failures ?

  9. Corporate Structures Corporate Structure for better Cost Controls and Market Responsiveness Executive Management Business Business Business Business Business Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit n... Profitable Profitable Not Profitable Not Profitable Profitable

  10. Worldwide Business Environment THOSE Business Strategy is for SURVIVAL Business Strategy is for SUCCESS ATTEMPTING THE TRANSITION

  11. Low Share price Low Growth and Profits Unsustainable High Costs Crisis Management Risk Adverse Victim of Global Economy Static development of Information Technology strategy Survivor OrganisationBusiness Characteristics

  12. Fluctuating share prices Low growth and profits Forms alliances and Joint Ventures High costs Poor Customer focus Management Accountability Will take ‘Calculated’ risks Some directions to upgrade Information Technology Potential Success OrganisationBusiness Characteristics

  13. Strong share price Good growth and profits Costs under control Prepared to take business risks Good customer focus Management embrace /accept change(s) Management understand role of Information Technology as a Business Support tool Success OrganisationBusiness Characteristics

  14. Planning without facts Poor Information Support for Policy formation and Implementation Isolation from International Data Sources Low Access to Information on International Markets Highly Limited Access to Information in Rural Areas (World bank Report on Developing Countries Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre) Information Poverty

  15. Some Terminology -1 • Business Functions: • Broad groups of closely related activities and decisions which contribute to a product or service like cycle. (e.g.. planning, materials management, production planning, quality assurance). • Business Processes : • Decision related activities which occur within a function. They are related to management of people, money, material and information. • Materials Management (Business Function)could be • subdivided into: requirements planning, purchasing, goods • received, material accounting, • stock-keeping • Business Processes should reflect related activity groupings

  16. Business Activities: Specific operations or transactions required to carry out a process Some guidelines: An activity should produce some clearly defined (identifiable) result - a product, a decision, a plan ...... An activity has clear boundaries - a clear beginning and end. Activities do not overlap. An activity is carried out as a unit, by a single agent or a team Once initiated, an activity proceeds independently of and from other activities. Some Terminology -2

  17. Business Entities: Are persons, objects or events about which Information is, or will be, recorded in the Information Data Base Many of these Entities can be identified with Business Activities (e.g. supplier, purchase order, customer) Some Terminology -3

  18. Critical Success Factors : *Key factors which must be performed well to ensure the success of an organisation *Are also known as Critical Performance Items There is a paper on this topic for you to read e.g.production failure rate < 0.01% of total production units production cost increases <= c.p.i. customer service complaints < 1% of all customer transactions absenteeism < 1% of staff in any 24 hour period product quality => advertised standards (water, power) no more than 1% of trains > 3 minutes late at destination Some Terminology -4

  19. Financial Status Assets, Liabilities, Cash in Hand, Cash Flows Company Customer Information, Client Information, Competitor’s Information, Profit Margins Operational Status of the Company and its Employees - Standards, Productivity, Overheads, Market Rating Provision of Documentation to Government and other Regulatory bodies Revenue Payroll tax WorkCover Payments GST payments ? International Trade etc....... Typical Business Management Reports

  20. Recession Total Retail Sales Disposable Incomes Movement away from core business - customer confusion Risk of losing focus and market share Competition Failure to identify changing customer trends ‘Optimum’ site for Business Limited and competitive Passing trade Change of Government Factors Affecting Retail Business 1

  21. Failure to use modern technology for internal and external uses - software for accounting market analyses cash flows EFTPOS security coding electronic document exchange and: smart phones, fax, electronic displays, noteboards, graphics, color printing (prime examples of ‘office automation’ and ..The Web and its services (Communication / Applications) Factors Affecting Retail Business 2

  22. Hardware MAJOR OBJECTIVE To convert ‘RAW’ data ----------> USEFUL INFORMATION (Data Processing Cycle) INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT MECHANISMS MECHANISMS Variety of Devices Variety of Devices Variety of Devices Micro, Mini Workstation Mainframe Single Application Communications Control Data Base General Purpose

  23. Components of a Computer System - Hardware Control Unit Interprets Instructions Issues commands to all components Input Primary Storage Output Reads data Holds (temporarily) Record Instructions Data and Programs Results also called Main Memory + - * / > < = Auxiliary or Secondary (mass storage) Arithmetic and Logic Unit

  24. A Typical Microcomputer Configuration 1. A microcomputer - processor 2. A keyboard and a Mouse - input 3. A colour monitor (screen) - soft copy 4. A printer - hard copy 5. Disk drives for permanent storage ( 1 should be interchangeable type) OTHER OPTIONS 6. A CD-ROM unit 7. A modem/communications adapter 8. Voice/Audio 9. Video Card 10. ---- any others that you know about e.g. DVD ?

  25. The CPU or processor is the heart of the computer, and it consists of 3 main parts: Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit Input/Output interface (consists of Registers) Hardware - The CPU

  26. CPU ALU Input Devices Output Devices Control Unit I/O interface Memory User Programs O/S

  27. The CPU performs actual processing of data. Data and programs are stored in memory, and moved to and from CPU as required via the I/O interface unit. Signals representing data and instructions travel between system components along electronic pathways, (sets of wires), called buses. Hardware- the CPU

  28. Input devices allow user to input data in a format the computer can interpret. e.g keyboard accepts letters and numbers and converts them to a binary code such as ASCII. Output devices allow computer to output data in format useful to user or other hardware. e.g. a monitor converts binary codes to characters and images, whilst a modem converts digital data to analog form for transmission over telephone lines. Binary codes are made up of 0’s and 1’s Hardware- Input/Output

  29. Memory - Purpose of memory is data storage. A hierarchy of memory exists . - data required for immediate manipulation by CPU is stored in small areas of fast access memory within CPU called registers. - data required for active program is generally stored in primary memory, commonly called RAM. - data which may be required at later time is generally stored in secondary storage e.g. on disk, tape, or CD-Rom. Hardware - Memory

  30. Digital computers deal with data in binary form - all data is represented using just two digits - 1 or 0. Non numeric characters and other symbols are assigned unique binary codes. The binary code for A is 01000001 The binary code for 1 is 00110000 Primary memory consists of a set of locations defined by sequentially numbered addresses. Each location contains a binary number that can be interpreted as data or an instruction. Hardware- Memory

  31. Memory is commonly measured in byte, kilobytes, megabyte and gigabytes 1 bit = 1 binary digit (0 or 1). 1 byte = 8 bits 1KB = 1024 bytes = 210 1MB = 1000 KB = 220 1GB = 1000 MB = 230 Secondary (permanent) storage generally much larger than primary (temporary) storage. Hardware- Memory

  32. Main memory capacity is up to 2 Gigabytes Hard disk storage is up to 256 Gigabytes Each ‘piece of data’ is addressable How can a ‘piece of data’ on a hard disk beyond the 2 Gb range be directed into memory ? And how can memory located data be directed to the high order areas of a mass storage disk device ? There is a technique known as swizzling which addresses this interchange A Possible Problem ?

  33. A Typical Microcomputer Configuration 1. A microcomputer - processor 2. A keyboard and a Mouse - input 3. A colour monitor (screen) - soft copy 4. A printer - hard copy 5. Disk drives for permanent storage ( 1 should be interchangeable type) OTHER OPTIONS 6. A CD-ROM unit (probably Read/Write capability) 7. A DVD R/W unit 8. A modem/communications adapter 9. Voice/Audio 10. Video Card

  34. In June 2003 Intel Pentium 4 2.4 GHz 256 Mb DDR Ram (266MHz) 40Gb Hard Disk 17in Viewsonic E370 Monitor 32 x 8 x 4 CD-Rewriter PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse 1.44Mb Floppy disk drive Intel PRO/100 Network Controller Compaq MicroTower

  35. June 2003 MS office XP Professional No Office Software Mentioned - Allow $940.00 No AntiVirus Allow $85 (Vet) $1,649 ( $2654) Could be better priced at a Swap Meet.

  36. HP Compaq Business Desktop Intel Pentium 4 Processor with HT Technology - 2.8GHz, 1MB cache, 800Mhz FSB (hyper thread) Microsoft Windows with XP Professional Microsoft Office Small Business Edition 2003 - Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Publisher and Outlook 512MB Ram PC3200 (400MHz), DVD/Combo drive 80GB Ultra Sata 7200 rpm Hard Drive 15in TFT Monitor (extra $450) 17in TFT monitor extra $600 Price ; $1749 ($15.18 per week - independent rental Company) (keyboard, floppy drive, mouse, printer, communications, anti-virus software ???) And in June 2004

  37. HP Compaq Business Notebook Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Intel Pentium M Processor 753 Integrated Intel Pro 11b/g Wireless LAN Microsoft Windows XP Professional 15.4 widescreen (1680 x 1050 display) 512 MB 333Mhz SDRAM 80GB 5400 rpm Hard Drive Integrated DVD+RW drive Processor Speed 1.7GHz, 400MHz and the price ? $3,495 (or $29.93 per week) June 2004

  38. A Microcomputer ‘System’ Main Auxiliary Main Memory Other System Micro MPU Controllers and Processor Co-Processor Devices RAM ROM System Bus Keyboard Video Display Parallel Floppy Disk Serial Device Interface Interface Interface Interface Interface Controller

  39. Directory Tree Structure Root Directory c:\ CSE1720 MKT1120 FIN1130 week 1 week 2 week 3 pastexam assgn 1 exercises notes

  40. Linking Micro Components These are some terms you will meet in connection with microcomputers. Some of them are applicable to mini and main frame units. 1. Bus architecture - the path along which the processor sends data and commands to RAM and peripheral devices. 2. Port - term used to identify connection point to the bus * serial: serial transmission of data i.e. one bit at a time * parallel: transmission of several bits at the same time

  41. More on Buses • PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect (Macintosh) • VESA = Video Electronics Standards Association • MCA = MicroChannel Architecture (IBM PS/2) • EISA = Extended Industry Standard Architecture • ISA = Industry Standard Architecture (ISA is 16 bit (binary digit). The others are 32 and 16 bit)

  42. Linking Micro Components 2 Expansion Slots and Add-On Boards : RAM - allows additional memory to be added Colour and Graphics Adapter - EGA, VGA, Super VGA Modem - Communications facilities with remote computers (nodes) Serial and parallel ports - increase capacity Printer Spooler - offers overlap print/processing Hard Disk - an additional disk storage capability Co-processor - Additional processor used for maths functions Network Interface - Facilitates and controls the exchange of data in a network Any others that you know about ?

  43. Microcomputer Developments • Publicity about ‘computer developments’ is biased towards the ‘Personal’ machines • = greatest number of users • There are also developments in the Workstation,Mini and Mainframe ranges

  44. Development in the areas of:Speeds (cycle speeds of processors 100MHz for Pentium - compare with 12MHz in 1990)Microcomputer Developments • Development in the areas of: • Speeds (cycle speeds of processors 2.8GHz • for Pentium - compare with 12MHz in 1990) • Disk Capacity - Currently 128 Gigabyte • Memory Size - Up to 2048Mb. • Compare with 640Kb in late 1980’s • Add-On Chips - e.g. MMX facilities • Current tasks - Up to 32. Previously 2 • Reliability - exceptionally high for ‘quality’ units • Cost : Approx $2,500 now. Previously > $15,000

  45. Multiple Processing Main Memory Main Memory Processor Processor A B

  46. Multiple Processing Dissimilar Processors - Independent Memories Memory Memory Small CPU Large CPU

  47. Multiple Processors Dissimilar Processors Sharing Main Memory Small CPU Small CPU Main Memory Large CPU Small CPU Small CPU

  48. Other Arrangements Duplexed and Dual Systems Front End Processor File Storage Switch Front End File Storage Processor

  49. Other Arrangements Multiple Computer Network with Physically Centralised Data Base Node A high speed communications lines Node E Node B Centralised Data Base Node C Node D

  50. Other Arrangements A MultiProcessing Configuration Processor Data Base Front End Processor Data Base Front End Processor Data Base

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