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英汉互译技巧

英汉互译技巧. Lecture Two. Diction and Extension of Words, Comeedatory and Derogtory of Words. Session 1. Session 2. The Method of Conversion of Words. Session 3. The Method of Amplification. 英汉互译技巧. Lecture Two. Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words. Diction.

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英汉互译技巧

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  1. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Comeedatory and Derogtory of Words Session 1 Session 2 The Method of Conversion of Words Session 3 The Method of Amplification

  2. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words Diction Extension of Words Commendatory and Derogtary of Words

  3. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words Diction 英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。在英汉语翻译过程中,在弄清原句结构后要善于选择和确定原句中关键的词义。 一、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 1. He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。(动词) 2. In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃像金子一般在闪闪发亮。

  4. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words Diction 二、根据上下文联系在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义 他是最后来的。 • He is the last man to come. • 2. He is the last man to do it. • He is the last person for such a job. • He should be the last (man) to blame. • He is the last man to consult. • This the last place where I expected to meet you. 他决不会干那件事。 他最不配干这个工作。 怎么也不该怪他。 根本不宜找他商量。 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。

  5. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words Extension of Words 英译汉时,有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义,如任意硬套或逐词死译,会使译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达原义。这时应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的根本含义出发,进一步加以引伸,选择比较恰当的汉语词来表达。 一、将词义作抽象化的引伸

  6. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words Extension of Words 1. 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴,又狡猾。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。

  7. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words Extension of Words 2. 将带有特征形象的词译成该形象所代表的概念的词 See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内,消息时而部分有所好转,时而又有点不妙,两种情况不断地交替出现,一直没有明朗化。

  8. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words Extension of Words 二、将词义作具体化的引伸 • 英语中也有用代表抽象或属性的词来表示一种具体 • 事物,译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。 Vietnam was his entrée to the new Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant. 越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府 的对外政策顾问,那是第三次了。

  9. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words Extension of Words 2. 英语中有些词在特定的上下文中,其含义是清楚的,但译成汉语时还必须作具体化的引伸,否则就不够清楚。 The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 我前头的那辆车停住了,我错过了绿灯。

  10. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words Commendatory and Derogtary of Words 一、英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义,汉译时就应相应表达出来 1. He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望的人。 2. His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来的。 3. The task carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。 4. We were shocked by his coarse manners. 我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。

  11. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words Commendatory and Derogtary of Words 二、英语中有些词是中立的,本身不表示褒义或贬义,但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味,汉译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应的词来表达。 1. 需要用褒义的词来表达 He was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. 他被请求谈谈他的理想和抱负。 The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers. 两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话时在他们 一生事业的重大时刻进行的。

  12. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two Diction and Extension of Words, Commendatory and Derogtory of Words Commendatory and Derogtary of Words 2. 需要用贬义的词来表达 He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved. 他是一个正直诚实的人,但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信 他这个坏名声是不该有的。 He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds. 他欺骗了我,使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。

  13. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成动词 转译成名词 转译成形容词 其他词类转换

  14. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成动词 一、名词转译成动词 英语中大量有动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词 以及其他名词往往可转译成汉语动词。 1. 有动词派生的名词转译成动词,在政治文体中出现较多。 One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world. 发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义,要消灭人剥削 人的制度要解放世界上的被压迫人民。

  15. Rockets have found application to the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。 2. 含有动作意味的名词(在记叙、描写文体中出现较多) 往往转译成动词。 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,令我特别神往。

  16. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成动词 A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他办公室窗口可以一眼看见华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。 3. 英语中有些加后缀-er的名词,如teacher, thinker, 有时在句中并不指其身份和职业,而是含有较强的动作 意味,往往可以译成动词。

  17. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成动词 I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必会教你游泳,我想我的小弟弟比我教的好。 Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings. 在和儿子谈话时,老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。

  18. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成动词 4. 作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词, 如have a rest, have a good look at。 They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness. 他们最后看了特麦克一眼----- 它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。 The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration. 下一个新闻节目比通常短,没有提到游行。

  19. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成动词 二、介词转译成动词 英语中介词使用的相当多的,其中有些没有动作意 味而仅表示时间、地点的介词,汉译时往往可以省略; 但有许多含有动作意味的介词,如across, past, toward 等等,汉译时往往可以译成动词。 “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啦!” 他转身蹦着跳着地跑了,越过草地,跑上小径,跨上 台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊。

  20. I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea. 我笔直向前高速飞行,越过港口,飞临海面。 三、形容词转译成动词 英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词, 在连系动词后作表语时,往往可以转译成汉语动词。常见 的这类形容词有:confident, certain, careful, cautions, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful anxious, grateful, able等。

  21. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成动词 Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。 I’m afraid that he won’t come today. 恐怕他今天不来了。

  22. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成动词 四、副词转译成动词 As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子。 That day he was up before sunrise. 那天他在日出以前就起来了。 She opened the window to let fresh air in. 她把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来。

  23. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成名词 一、英语中很多由名词派生的动词,以及由名词转用的动 词,在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词这时可将其转译成 汉语名词。 1. 名词派生的动词 Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。 To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他们看了,他就是绝对权威的化身。

  24. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成名词 二、英语中很多由名词派生的动词,以及由名词转用的动词, 在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词这时可将其转译成汉语名词。 2. 名词转用的动词 Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere after completing their mission. 美国绝大多数间谍卫星,按其设计,是在完成使命后,在大气 层中焚毁。 Some of them were already planning to staff a new company. 他们中有些人已经在计划一家新公司的人事安排了。

  25. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成名词 二、有些英语被动式句子中的动词,可以译成“受、遭到…+名词” “予/加以+名词”这类结构。 Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon, and earth . 由于经常受到太阳、月亮及地球引力的影响,卫星活动必 须加以密切的观察。

  26. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成名词 三、形容词转译成名词 • 英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人,汉译时 • 常译成名词。 They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。 Those who huddled pitifully together on the left were the old, the infirm, the ill, the very young. 那些可怜地挤在左边的人都是老、弱、病、幼者。

  27. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成名词 2. 根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。 Stevenson was eloquent and elegant-----but soft. 史蒂文森有口才,有风度,但很软弱。 The Wilde family were religious. 王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。

  28. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成形容词 一、形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 The security and warmth of the destroyer’s sick bay were wonderful. 驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖,好极了。

  29. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 转译成形容词 二、有些名词加不定冠词作表语时, 往往可以转译成形容词。 The blockade was a success. 封锁很成功。 As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 他对这城市完全陌生,所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。

  30. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 其他词类转译 一、形容词与副词的互相转译。 1. 英语名词译成汉语动词时,修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成 汉语副词。 Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensiveglances toward Zero. 偶尔下一点毛毛雨,断断续续的闪电使得我们不时忧虑地朝着 零区方向望去。

  31. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 其他词类转译 It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President’s reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue. 这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。 2. 英语动词译成汉语名词时,修饰该动词的副词往往转译成 汉语形容词。 He routinely radioed another agent on the ground. 他跟另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无线电联络。 The Present had prepared meticulously for his journey. 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。

  32. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 其他词类转译 3. 由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同,还有一些英语形容词可译为 汉语副词。 This is sheer nonsense. 这完全是胡说。 He was in a clear minority . 他显然属于少数。

  33. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 其他词类转译 二、名词与副词的互相转译。 1. 英语名词译成汉语副词。 When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一发现有可能发对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣 将这人争取过来。 The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. 新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民, 获得了他们一些好感。

  34. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of conversion of Words 其他词类转译 2. 英语副词译成汉语名词。 They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. 但是,他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。 He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身体虽弱,但思想健康。

  35. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two The Method of Amplicication 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 根据句法上的需要增词 Session 3

  36. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加动词 增加表示名词复数的词 增加形容词 增加表达时态的词 增加副词 增加语气助词 增加表示名词复数的词 增加名词 增加承上启下的词 增加量词 增加根据上下文需要及反映背景情况的词 Session 3

  37. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加动词 根据意义上的需要,可以在名词前后增加动词。 In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后,他还得 起草最后公报。 There were no speeches, no foreigners diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. 没有发表讲话,没有各国外交官到场,也没有“普通中国人”挥 舞纸旗、花束的场面。

  38. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加形容词 With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊! The plane twisted under me, trailing flame and smoke. 飞机在下面螺旋下降,拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。

  39. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加副词 根据原文的上下文, 有些动词在一定场合可增加适当的词, 才能确切表达愿意。 The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。 As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

  40. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加名词 1. 在不及物动词后增加名词。 英语中有些动词用作不及物动词,宾语实践上是隐含在动词后 面的,汉译时往往需要把它表达出来。 Day after day he came to his work--- sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活-----扫地,擦地板,收拾房间。 First you borrow, then you beg. 飞机在下面螺旋下降,拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。

  41. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加名词 2. 在形容词前增加名词。 This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。 He is a complicated man----moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak. 他是一个性格复杂的人------喜怒无常,反复多变,有些忧郁 寡欢。

  42. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加名词 3. 在抽象名词后增加名词。 某些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词,翻译时可根据上 下文在其后面增添适当的名词,使译文更符合规范。 to persuade 说服 to prepare 准备 backward 落后 tense 紧张 arrogant 自满 mad 疯狂 antagonistic 敌对 persuasion preparation backwardness tension arrogance madness antagonism 说服工作 准备工作 落后状态 紧张局势 自满情绪 疯狂行为 敌对态度

  43. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加名词 4. 在具体名词后增加名词。 当具体名词表达一种抽象概念时,译文中也常常根据上下文 增加一些适当的名词。 He felt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。 He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情,判决他儿子有罪。

  44. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加量词 1. 英语中数词(包括不定冠词a)与可数名词往往直接连用, 它们 之间没有量词, 而汉语却往往要借助量词。因此翻译时应根据汉 语表达习惯恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料的名量词。 a bike a tractor a full moon a typewriter a mouth a bad dream 一辆自行车 一台拖拉机 一轮满月 一架打字机 一张嘴 一场恶梦

  45. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加量词 A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。 2. 英语中有些动词或动作名词,译成汉语动词常需增加一些表示 动作、动作量的动量词。如have a rest 休息一下;make a stop 停 一下,等等。 Once, they had a quarrel. 有一次,他们争吵了一番。 Herb gave her a sly look. 赫伯狡猾地看了她一眼。。

  46. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加表示名词复数的词 汉语名词的复数没有词形变化,很多情况下不必表达出来。但 是指多数人的名词时, 可在该名词后面加“们”字,如“the teachers” “教师们”; 或在该名词前加上“诸位”, “各(位)”, 如“ladies and Gentlemen” 诸位(各位)女士和先生”。此外, 英语名词复数, 汉 译时还可以根据情况, 增加重迭词、数词或其它一些词来表达。这 样做还可以提高修辞效果。 1. 增加重迭词表示复数。 Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。 Newsmen went flying off to Mexico. 记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。

  47. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加表示名词复数的词 2. 增加数词或其它词表示复数。 The lion is the king of animals. 狮是百兽之王。 The very earth trembled with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了,仿佛万马奔腾,千夫怒吼。 The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色长影。

  48. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加表示时态的词 英语动词的时态靠动词词形变化或助动词来表达。汉语没有词形 变化,表达时态要靠增加汉语特有的时态助词或一般表示时间的词 因此,翻译完成时往往用“曾”、“已经”、“过”、“了”;翻译进行时 往往用“在”、“正在”、“着”;翻译将来时往往用“将”、“就”、“要”、 “会”、“便”等等。除此以外,为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对 比, 往往需要家一些其他的词。 1. 对某种时间概念作强调时,往往要加上一些词。 I had known two great social systems. 那时以前, 我就经历过两大社会制度。 The old man had taught the boy to fish and the body loved him. 原来是老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼,所以孩子很爱他。

  49. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加表示时态的词 2. 强调时间上的对比时,往往要加上一些词。 I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release. 我的获释是他成全的,对此我过去很感激,现在仍然很感激。 The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird. 该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。

  50. 英汉互译技巧 Lecture Two 根据意义上或修辞上的需要增词 增加语气助词 汉语里有许多语气助词,如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、 “吗”、“啦”、“了”、“罢了”、“而已”等等。不同的语气词有不同的 作用,翻译时细心体会原文,增加一些汉语特有的语气助词,可以 更好地表达原作的意义和修辞效果。 Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fin of you. 不要认真嘛!我不过是开开玩笑罢了。 As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning. 我呢,从一开始就不赞成。 The eyes were the same colour as the sea, cheerful undefeated. 那双眼啊,像海水一样的颜色,愉快,毫不沮丧。

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