Why is Carbon so special?

1. KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids) are found in all organisms. These molecules form the structures and carry out the functions in all living organisms.

2. Why is Carbon so special? • Carbon has four valence electrons. • It shares these electrons with other atoms to form molecules that are held together by strong covalentbonds. .

3. Molecules that contain carbon are called Organic compounds. There are over 2 million known organic compounds. They are made and found only in living things.

4. 3 basic shapes of carbon-based compounds • straight chain • branched chain • ring

5. Monomers and Polymers

6. Large carbon-based molecules are made of many repeating small subunits joined by chemical bonds.

7. The smaller molecules are called Monomers Ex. Glucose

8. Larger molecules formed by joining monomrers are called Polymers.

9. Polymers can be made of the same repeating molecule

10. OR, polymers can be made by combining different monomers

11. =MONOMER – one train car =POLYMER – the whole train

12. The reaction that joins monomers to form polymers is called Dehydration Synthesis. • Animation Dehydration synthesis means “to make by removing water.” (Dehydration – remove water Synthesis – to make)

13. Dehydration Synthesis

14. Polymers can be broken down into the monomers through Hydrolysis • Hydrolysis means “to break by adding water”

15. Dehydration synthesis – builds bigger molecules • Hydrolysis – breaks down bigger molecules • They are opposite reactions!

16. Four major groups of organic compounds in living things: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

17. Quick Check for Understanding – What atom do all these molecules contain?

18. Quick Check for Understanding – What atom do all these molecules contain? CARBON

19. Where do we get these molecules? (Click for video) FROM OUR FOOD!!

20. CARBOHYDRATES

21. Types of Atoms in Carbohydrate molecules:Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)

22. Foods that contain primarily carbohydrate molecules are called Sugars and Starches

23. Uses in Living Things 1. “Quick” Energy 2. Builds body structures

24. 3 Categories of Carbohydrates based on Size: • Monosaccharides (smallest) Monomers 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides (largest) Polymers

25. glucose 1. Monosaccharide: one single molecule 1. Glucose– made in photosynthesis; blood sugar 2. Galactose - Component of milk sugar 3. Fructose - fruit sugar 4. Deoxyribose and Ribose– in nucleic acids DNA and RNA

26. fructose glucose 2. Disaccharide – 2monosaccharides joined together 1. Sucrose – table sugar (glucose + fructose) 2. Lactose – milk sugar (glucose + galactose)

27. glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose glucose 3.Polysaccharides - manymonosaccharides joined together 1. Starch – glucose storage in plants (bread, taters) 2. Glycogen – glucose storage in animals 3. Cellulose – forms plant cell walls 4. Chitin – forms insect exoskeletons and fungus cell walls

28. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer Carbohydrate molecules can have the same monomers but be joined together differently .

29. Ex.s of different monomer arrangements

30. Chitin – forms rigid insect bodies • Monomer Polymer

31. REMEMBER A UNIFYING THEME: • The structure of a molecule affects its function

32. LIPIDS (Fats, Oils, Waxes)

33. Types of Atoms: C, H, O

34. Uses of Lipids in Living Things: • Stores large amounts of chemical energy • Provide warmth and insulation 3. #1 component of cell membranes 4. Make hormones the body’s chemical messengers

35. Common Features of Lipids 1. Nonpolar molecules – no charge on atoms 2. Hydrophobic – Can’t dissolve in water 3. Many lipids contain fatty acid molecules.

36. Fatty acid molecules share same basic structure

37. 3 Categories of Fatty Acids No double bonds between Carbon atoms No kinks One or more double bonds between carbon atoms Molecule has kinks and bends

38. If the Fatty Acid molecules have : • Single bonds between C atoms – • Saturated Fats (Bad fats in diet) • Double bonds between C atoms – • Unsaturated Fats (Good fats in diet)

39. Blood Cholesterol Count • LDL- Lousy for you Want # to be LOW • HDL - Happy for you Want # to be HIGH

40. Dangers of Saturated Fats (Video)

41. Get in the habit of checking food labels for fat content

42. Categories of Lipids and their Functions: • Triglycerides - Provide Energy

43. Categories of Lipids and their Functions: 2. Phospholipids – make cell membranes

44. Has negative charge Molecules have no charge

45. 3. Sterols/Steroids – make hormones

46. 4. Waxes – protective coating on skin and leaves (leaf cuticle) to prevent water loss

47. Types of Atomsin Protein Molecules: C, H, O, N, S

48. Uses of Proteins in Organisms: • Enzymes – Speed up chemical reaction times • Transport molecules through cells • Antibodies in immune system Workhorses of the cell!

49. Monomers of Proteins: Amino Acids • 20 different amino acid molecules • 9 amino acids are Essential – Can only be obtained by eating food

50. Basic structure of all 20 amino acids Variable group Amine group Carboxylic acid group