Sustainable Cities Energy and Environment – a Zero Carbon Future for a Chinese Town?

1. Sustainable Cities Energy and Environment – a Zero Carbon Future for a Chinese Town? Notre Dame High School -12th January 2007 能源和环境 --东滩的零碳将来？ 汇丰银行低碳创新主管.东安格里安大学环境科学系 • Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv • HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation: • School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia CRed

3. Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003 气候变化：北极冰盖融化1979-2003 Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region • Nasa satellite imagery 20% reduction in 24 years 夏天的北极区域冰盖—Nasa（美国国家航天局）卫星照片 24年内减少了20% 1979 2003 CRed Source: Nasa www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

4. A Sustainable Future Low energy design of buildings • Low energy design of buildings • Good Effective Management • Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies • Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings • Better Awareness by individuals • Address the Transport issue • China and Dongtan

5. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the Carbon Index Scale. 8

6. Principle of Operation of TermoDeck Construction Quadruple Glazing Exhaust air passes through a two channel regenerative heat exchanger which recovers 85+% of ventilation heat requirements. Thick Insulation Air circulates through whole fabric of building Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature

7. Operation of the Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Incoming air into the AHU Filter Heater The air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs The return air passes through the heat exchanger Out of the building • Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space Return stale air is extracted from each floor Air enters the internal occupied space

8. A Sustainable Future • Low energy design of buildings • Good Effective Management • Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies • Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings • Better Awareness by individuals • Address the Transport issue • China and Dongtan

9. Conservation: management improvements – User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

10. ZICER Building Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

11. The ZICER Building - Description • Four storeys high and a basement • Total floor area of 2860 sq.m • Two construction types • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity

12. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

13. 350 Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements The space heating consumption has reduced by 57%

14. A Sustainable Future • Low energy design of buildings • Good Effective Management • Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies • Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings • Better Awareness by individuals • Address the Transport issue • China and Dongtan

15. ZICER Building • Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV • Windows are semi transparent • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays Photo shows only part of top Floor

16. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Load factors Output per unit area Little difference between orientations in winter months

17. A Sustainable Future • Low energy design of buildings • Good Effective Management • Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies • Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings • Better Awareness by individuals • Address the Transport issue • China and Dongtan

18. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 36%efficient 61% Flue Losses 86%efficient Engine heat Exchanger

19. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

20. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

21. Heat from external source Desorber Compressor Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Absorber Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Conversion efficiency improvements Normal Chilling Adsorption Chilling Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand and increases electricity generated

22. YANGTZE STAR 杨子之星 A 1 MW Adsorption chiller 1 MW 吸附冷却器 Adsorption chillers can provide air-conditioning Each one would save around 700 tonnes CO2 吸附冷却器可为东滩提供空调系统 每一个可减少排放700吨CO2

23. A Sustainable Future • Low energy design of buildings • Good Effective Management • Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies • Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings • Better Awareness by individuals • Address the Transport issue • China and Dongtan

24. Raising Awareness Each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year. What do 9 tonnes of CO2 look like? 5 hot air balloons China: 2.5 tonnes or 1.4 balloons 每一个英国人每年产生9吨CO2 9 吨CO2看起来有多少呢？ 5个热气球 中国：2.5吨或1.4个热气球

25. Raising Awareness • Standby on TV’s and electrical goods waste energy – up to 60 kWh a year – in China this causes emission of over 50kg of CO2 unnecessarily • 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. • A Toyota Corolla (1400cc) will emit the equivalent of 1.2 hot air balloons a year or 1 party balloon every 60m. • 电视机和电器的待机状态每年将浪费60 kWh的电量--在中国这将导致超过50公斤CO2的不必要的排放 • 10克二氧化碳相当于1个派队气球 • 一辆丰田花冠轿车（ 1400cc）一年将排放相当于1.2个热气球的量或每60米一个派队气球

26. Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings? With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

27. A Sustainable Future • Low energy design of buildings • Good Effective Management • Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies • Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings • Better Awareness by individuals • Address the Transport issue • China and Dongtan

28. Raising Awareness Comparison of emissions of different countries Electricity Generation in China is dominated by coal Carbon Emission factor 0.870 kg/kWh cf 0.52 kg/kWh in UK 不同国家的排放比较 中国主要使用煤炭进行发电 碳排放数据0.870 kg/kWh 在英国这一数据是0.52kg/kWh

29. 4 YANGTZE STAR 杨子之星 A striking architectural feature 新颖的建筑布局 An integrated renewable power station 综合的可再生能源供给站 An educational facility 用于教育的设施 A research facility 可供研究的设施 独具吸引力的访客中心 A visitor attraction

30. 5 Dongtan: A Vision for the Future 东滩：未来之窗 Low Energy Buildings in Dongtan City 东滩的低碳排放建筑 Integrated Renewable Power Station with Biomass/ MSW/ Biogas/ Solar and Wind 包含生物质能/市政废物/沼气/太阳能和风能的可再生能源供给站 Yangste STAR 居民能源需求和能源产生之间的直接互动关系. Direct Interaction between energy demand by residents and energy generation. 杨子之星

31. 6 YANGTZE STAR 杨子之星 • 东滩队于环境将产生最小的影响： • 低能源消耗建筑 • 能源供给来自可再生能源 • Like the river, the greenhouse will meander through the STAR providing • Education • Research • Awareness Raising • A Visitor Attraction The STAR is inspired by the power of the Yangste and its meandering journey to the sea. • Dongtan will have minimal impact on the environment through: • Low energy buildings • Energy from renewable sources 杨子之星的灵感来自于扬子江奔腾不息汇入大海的伟大力量 • 未来温室将如河流般蜿蜒穿过杨子之星，整个项目包含以下功能： • 教育 • 研究 • 知识传播 • 游览参观

32. 7 Biomass Fuel Delivery 生物质能燃料的输送 Biogas Building with support area beneath hill 沼气区和位于人造山下的支持区域 Municipal Building with support below mound 市政废物区和人造山下的支持区域 Biomass Building with storage area beneath hill 生物质能区和位于人造山下的储存区域 Energy River – Greenhouse of the future 能源之河-未来温室 Visitor Centre & Solar Research 访客中心和太阳能研究中心 Main Entrance 主入口

33. A A B Section B - B B 0 100 200 Section A - A 杨子之星 Yangste STAR Section through Biomass Station –storage is held below artificial hill Section through Biogas Station storage also below artificial hill 穿过生物质能站的区域—储存区位于人造山下面 穿过沼气站的区域—储存区同样位于人造山下面

34. 杨子之星 Large Scale Wind 大规模风能 Urban Wind - 都市风能- Microgeneration 小规模发电 Yangste STAR Building Integrated 与建筑物组合 Photovoltaic Cells 光电池 Digestion Biogas CHP 厌氧消化沼气CHP MSW Combined Heat 市政废物处理热电联 & Power(CHP) (CHP) Rice Residue CHP 稻米处理残余CHP Cultivated Biomas CHP 农业生物能CHP Cultivated Biomas Boiler 农业生物能锅炉

35. YANGTZE STAR 杨子之星 未来温室/访客中心 The Greenhouse / Visitor Centre 研究区域- A research area – • 在替代化石能源方面，植物如何更加有效利用？ • how might plants adapt to be more effective in replacing fossil fuels? • 什么样新的管理行为是需要的？ • what new management practices might be needed? Provide an International Conference Centre 建立一个国际会议中心 • To disseminate new ideas about the environment, and sustainable technologies throughout the international community. • 通过国际合作传播环境和可持续性发展技术

36. YANGTZE STAR 杨子之星 未来温室/访客中心 The Greenhouse / Visitor Centre 教育区将展示：-- An educational area to tell: – • how the climate evolved • 气候如何演变 • how the fossil fuels were formed and exploited. • 化石能源如何形成和被开发 • how renewable energy can be the power for the future. • 将来如何使用可再生能源发电 Awareness Raising 知识提升 • how individuals can play their part to save energy. • 个人如何参与到节约能源行动之中 • 通过互动展示 • Through interactive displays

37. 扬子之星 Awareness Raising / Education 提升认识/教育 • Dongtan will be a city of the future • 东滩将成为未来之城 Yangze STAR • 低碳建筑的统一发展 • Integrated development of Low Carbon • Buildings • Powered by Renewable Energy • 能源所需可再生能源提供 • Citizens and children engaged in their • city and its future • 居民和儿童参与到他们的城市目前和将来的发展中 A Landmark Project for the Whole World Collaboration between China and UK 对于全世界而言这一里程碑式的项目是基于中英之间的合作

38. Dongtan – The Social Dimension 东滩-未来的典范 Demand for energy often exceeds technical performance by up to 100% 能源需求常常超过运用技术带来改善，甚至多达100% Excess can be reduced by 但能通过以下方式减少能源需求： Good Energy Management 良好的能源管理 Effective Education 有效的教育 Awareness raising 知识的提升 Innovative Tariffs 创新的价格体系 Typical Tariffs 典型价格体系 • Flat Rate • 统一费用 • Multi-rate – cheaper for high users • 多种费用-高端用户便宜 Adversely affects low users 不利于低端用户 • Multi-rate – initial low rate • 多种费用-初期低费用 Encourages conservation 鼓励节约

39. Qianwei Village: ChongMing Island Large Solar PV Array on Main Building All Street Lights are Solar/Wind Powered Solar Powered Electronic Bug Zapping Device Transport by solar powered electric vehicles

40. ChongMing Island Reclaimed Salt marsh Present Day Dongtan viewed from the International Conference Centre a Visitor and Educational Resource

41. And Finally LaoTzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading." The vision for Sustainable Cities will allow us to change direction so we do not end up where we are now heading and we can avoid the worst effects of Climate Change. 束 语 老子 （604-531BC）中国古代思想家、哲学家 （直译）：“如果你不改变，你将止步于原地。” 东滩将改变我们行动的方向，以避免我们在原地止步不前，也可让我们避免气候变化带来的最坏结果。 A copy of this presentation will be available at: www.cred-uk.org >>> follow Academic Links