课件四：英国革命

1. 课件四：英国革命 • 一、革命前英国的经济状况和社会结构 • 二、革命的开始和两次内战 • 三、从共和国到护国政治 • 四、司徒亚特王朝复辟和1688年政变

2. 英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰、爱尔兰

3. James I （1566-1625）詹姆斯一世 • King of England and Ireland (1603-1625）and king of Scotland (as James VI , 1567-1625). James’s stubborn insistence on the divine right of the kings clashed with a growing spirit of independence in the Commons, and he left a legacy of constitutional conflict to his son Charles 1.

4. the “enclosuremovement”圈地运动 • A movement in which landowners closed off public lands in order to better organize and keep track of land and animals. It also served the purpose of closing off the land they owned from that which was previously shared with peasant farmers. This movement continued up until the early 19th Century, although the method of enclosing dates back to medieval times.It also spread to many other European countries such as Russia, Hungary, Germany, France, and Denmark.

5. Puritanism清教教义 • Puritanism began during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) when some English Protestants objected to Catholic elements in worship. Puritans believed that the church should be independent from the Crown. They wished to "purify" the church by several means, some declaring separation from the church of England and some remaining within it. Moderates advocated a polity or church structure called presbyterianism. Being repressed, thousands of Puritans left England.

6. The Long Parliament (1640-53)长期国会 • Called by Charles 1. Led by Pym and Hampton, it brought about the execution of Strafford and Laud, abolished Star Chamber, and drew up the Grand Remonstrance. In the Civil War, the parliament was reduced by Pride’s Purge (1648) to a Rump Parliament, which ordered Charles execution (1649) was itself suppressed (1653) by Cromwell. It was not formally dissolved until 1660.

7. The execution of Strafford in 1641处死斯特拉福德伯爵 • An English statesman entrusted by Charles Ⅰ. The ruthless methods he employed led to his impeachment. He was executed with the King’s consent(1641), the royal authority being thus greatly diminished.

8. Oliver Cromwell(1599-1658)克伦威尔 • A Huntington yeoman, he was elected (1640) to the Long Parliament, where he became the leader of the Puritans. With out break(1642) of the Civil War, he led his “ironside” troops to victories over royalists. The council of army officers appointed him lord protector of the Commonwealth (1653).On his death(1658), he was succeeded by his son.

9. Execution of Charles Ⅰ(1649)处决查理二世 • Charles Ⅰ（1600-49), king of England, Scotland and Ireland.(1625-49). Because of his failure in the Civil War, he took refuge (1646) with the Scottish army and was betrayed (1647) to British army under Cromwell. Charles was tried and executed on J.30,1649.

10. Stuart Restoration: Charles Ⅱ • He was restored to the throne (1660-85). He gave power to less popular cabal(小团体） of five ministers, and declared himself a Roman Catholic, which arose a Whig opposition.

11. Glorious Revolution (1688)光荣革命 • The name given to the overthrow of James Ⅱ and the proclamation of William Ⅲ and Mary Ⅱ as joint sovereigns.

12. Bill of Rights (1889)权利法案 • An act passed by Parliament (1689) settling the succession on William and Mary, and stating the terms under which they are to rule. It included clauses making it illegal to suspend laws or levy taxes without parliamentary consent, or to raise a standing army in time of peace. It demanded freedom of speech, in parliament and the right to petition the Crown. It attempted to secure the independence of juries and frequent meetings of parliament.