Ch 16 and 17 Review

1. Ch 16 and 17 Review

2. A naturally occurring, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties. • mineral

3. Atoms of two or more elements chemically bonded together. • compounds

4. Minerals that are valuable and economical to extract. • Ore minerals

5. Minerals that have no commercial value. • Gangue minerals

6. They conduct electricity, have shiny surfaces, and are opaque. • metals

7. How do metallic minerals form? • Below ground when magma cools and hardens.

8. Why do metallic minerals sink to the lower part of the magma body? • They are more dense than the other materials.

9. How, subsurface waters that contain dissolved minerals. • Hydrothermal solutions

10. Ore deposits of minerals that crystallize out of solutions and fill fractures. • veins

11. How do evaporites form? • Water from inland seas or lakes evaporate and leave behind salt deposits.

12. Halite is the scientific name for _________. • Rock salt

13. Two or more metals may combine to form an __________. • alloy

14. Gypsum is used to make ___________. • sheetrock

15. Nonmetallic minerals prized for their beauty, rarity, and durability. • gemstones

16. How can planes be used to explore for minerals? • Instruments identify patterns in gravity, magnetism, or radioactivity.

17. What mining method is used to mine ore deposits located 50 m or more beneath Earth’s surface? • Subsurface mining methods

18. A method of mining where rooms are cut into seams. • Room and pillar

19. A mining technique where a shearer moves back and forth across a seam. • longwall

20. A method of mining underground deposits of potash, salt, and sulfur where hot water is injected into the ore and dissolves it. • Solution Mining

21. A method that is often used to mine large quantities of near surface ore. • Open Pit Mining

22. Rock that covers near-surface coal seams. • Overburden

23. The main products of quarrying such as sand, gravel, and crushed rock. • aggregate

24. What climate promotes salt production by solar evaporation? • Areas that receive little rainfall and have high evaporation rates.

25. What percentage of the world’s salt comes from the solar evaporation process? • About 30 percent

26. A deposit that contains a valuable mineral that has been concentrated by mechanical action. • Placer deposits

27. How are placer deposits often mined? • By dredging

28. A process in which crushed ore is melted at high temperatures in furnaces to separate impurities from molten metal. • smelting

29. In a furnace, this is the material that bonds with impurities to separate them from the molten metal. • flux

30. The less dense layer of material on the top of molten metal made up of flux and impurities. • slag

31. Why has undersea mining so far been unsuccessful? • Competition with land based companies. The pressure at the greater water depth.

32. Why has mining become one of the most heavily regulated industries in the United States? • Because of the environmental impacts

33. How can surface mining cause air and noise pollution? • Loading, hauling, and unloading creates dust. Dust is also created when ore is blasted apart. • Noise is created by the equipment and blasting. • Water from rain or nearby streams can dissolve toxic substances and may contaminate streams.

34. What is AMD? • Acid Mine Drainage

35. Why does surface mining cause animals to leave an area? • Removing the soil strips away all plant life. • When the soil is returned to the site, different plants and animals may establish themselves.

36. Why must miners replace soil layers back the way they were? • The topsoil, the layer with the richest nutrients, must be on top to ensure a quicker recovery.

37. The sinking of regions of the ground with little or no horizontal movement. • subsidence

38. The process of returning land to its original or better condition after mining is completed. • reclamation

39. The remains of ancient organisms that changed into coal, oil, or natural gas. • Fossil fuels

40. What are the 3 main problems with fossil fuels? • 1) The supply is limited. • 2) Obtaining them causes environmental problems. • 3) Using them pollutes the environment.

41. What are the five main uses for fuel? • Cooking, transportation, manufacturing, heating and cooling, generating electricity to run machines and appliances.

42. A machine that converts mechanical energy, or motion, into electrical energy. • Electric generator

43. How do generators produce electricity? • They move an electrically conductive material through a magnetic field.

44. A wheel that changes the force of a moving gas or liquid into energy that can do work. • turbine

45. What is an example of a high grade coal? • Anthracite or bituminous

46. What is the difference between a high grade coal and a low grade coal? • High grade coal contains fewer pollutants.

47. Oil that is pumped from the ground is also known as ________, or ________. • Crude oil, petroleum

48. Where are most of the world’s oil reserves located? • In the Middle East

49. What is the purpose of drilling exploration wells for oil? • To determine the volume and availability of the oil deposit.

50. What measures are being taken in tanker design to prevent oil spills? • The use of double hulls