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Neurodata and surveillance

International Conference on Security, Ethics and Justice. Tübingen , 23.06.2012. Neurodata and surveillance. Dara Hallinan & Philip Schütz Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research. Source: http://psychophysiology.blogspot.de/2009_10_01_archive.html. Overview.

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Neurodata and surveillance

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  1. International Conference on Security, Ethics and Justice Tübingen, 23.06.2012 Neurodata and surveillance • DaraHallinan & Philip Schütz • Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research Source: http://psychophysiology.blogspot.de/2009_10_01_archive.html

  2. Overview • What is neurodata? How is it collected? • Areas of applications, surveillance and security potentials • How neurodata engages Data Protection • Unique characteristics of neurodata • Significance of these differences

  3. WHAT IS NEURODATA?

  4. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Measuring brain activity by depicting changes in blood flow Pure imaging technology Expansive, immobile and difficult-to-use Medical and neuro-marketing application areas Source: http://www.readingresearch.kennedykrieger.org/fMRIs.html

  5. Electroencephalography (EEG) Detecting and recording specific brain activities by measuring electrical impulses Imaging and steering technology Low priced, mobile and easy-to-use Applications: Mental type-writer, Brain2Robot, Games Source: http://www.experimentation-online.co.uk/article.php?id=1253

  6. Source: http://scientopia.org/blogs/scicurious/2010/06/16/what-does-that-mri-signal-mean-anyway/ Source: http://www.dizziness-and-balance.com/disorders/central/epileptic.html

  7. The Value of Neurodata • Cognitive science provides ever deeper insight into brain as set of systems • Neurodata has value in all contexts of activity related to decision-making and actions of individuals • BUT: Exaggerated expectations • Technological determinism

  8. Use Contexts • Initial use and development in medical contexts • Use contexts now expanding to • Marketing • Games • Law enforcement • Military/intelligence services

  9. Neurodata in the security discourse • Authentication and Identification • Neuro-imaging in criminal proceedings as • Neuro lie detector • Proof for (in-)sanity (diminished vs. full responsibility) of the suspect • Revelation of secrets or prediction of behaviour (precrime)

  10. Unique Qualities of Neurodata • Neurodata and the brain as information • Alteration in the relationship between the individual and representative data • Level of insight into the individual, potential to predict • Neurodata enables novel aspects of the individual to be represented in informatic form

  11. Neurodata in a Conventional Data System • Data protection framework and concepts shaped by context of relevance and directed development • Focus on systems of processing rather than changes in characteristics of data – limited concept of data – neurodata has unique characteristics in data • Definition of data key to substance to be controlled • Forms keystone of framework • Balance and mechanics dependant on applicability of definition • Not certain whether application of framework to processing of neurodata will achieve aims of framework

  12. Data Protection and Autonomy • Data Protection framework relies on undefined concept of autonomy • Neurodata offers different form of data-based interaction with individual • Not based on traditional informatic representations of the individual but on the analysis of systems ‘behind’ the individual • Level of insight into, and power over, the individual may be unique - protection rules may not achieve desired ends • Even if this shift were recognised, which principles could be applied?

  13. Data Protection in a Community of Rights • Data Protection transfers particular set of principles onto data sphere and processing actions – which principles is based on conception of nature of data • Neurodata focuses on the brain – a conceptually different space, with different applicable principles • Could the same framework be extended to broader relevance • data protection has developed substance and meaning in relation to development context • on which principles would one base an extension?

  14. Conclusion • Neurodata-based technologies expanding in use contexts and sophistication • Neurodata has significant value • Neurodata has unique characteristics and link with the individual • The application of the current framework may not achieve desired ends • The novel features of the data may not fit the conception in the framework • The brain as a source of data poses unique issues

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