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Chemical Compounds: Ionic, Covalent, Acids & Bases

Learn about the properties of ionic and covalent compounds, acids and bases, their uses, and how they behave in solution. Understand the strength of acids and bases, pH scale, and acid-base reactions.

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Chemical Compounds: Ionic, Covalent, Acids & Bases

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  1. Chapter 24:Chemical Compounds

  2. 24.1 – Ionic and Covalent Compounds

  3. Properties of Ionic Compounds • Form crystals • Crystal lattice – the regular pattern in which a crystal is arranged

  4. Properties of Ionic Compounds • Have high melting points and boiling points

  5. Properties of Ionic Compounds • Very soluble • When dissolved in water, conduct electricity well

  6. Properties of Covalent Compounds • Low melting points and low boiling points

  7. Properties of Covalent Compounds • Low solubility • Poor conductivity

  8. 24.2 Acids and Bases • Properties of acids: • Tastes sour • Reacts with metals and carbonates • Turns blue litmus paper red • Conduct Electric current • Properties of bases: • Tastes bitter • Feels slippery • Turns red litmus paper blue • Conduct electric current

  9. Uses of Acids and Bases

  10. 24.3 Solutions of Acids and Bases • Acids produce hydrogen (H+) ions in water • HCl = hydrochloric acid • HNO3 = nitric acid • H2CO3 = carbonic acid • H2SO4 = sulfuric acid • HC2H3O2 = acetic acid • H3PO4 = phosphoric acid

  11. Acids and Bases in Solution • Bases produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water • Some bases do not contain OH-, but will react with water to form OH- • NaOH – sodium hydroxide • KOH – potassium hydroxide • Ca(OH)2 – calcium hydroxide • Al(OH)3 – aluminum hydroxide • NH3 – ammonia • CaO – calcium oxide

  12. Strength of Acids and Bases • Strength = how well the acid or base forms ions • pH = power of hydrogen; range of values to measure H+ concentration • 0-6.9 is a low pH = high H+, low OH-, acid • 7 is a neutral pH = H+ and OH- are equal • 7.1-14 is a high pH = low H+, high OH-, base

  13. Each unit of the pH scale represents a tenfold change in acidity!

  14. Acid-Base Rxns • Acid + Base  salt + water • Neutralization Rxn • A salt is an ionic compound formed from the positive ion of a base and the negative ion of an acid • Examples: • HCl + NaOH  ? • HCl + KOH  ?

  15. Acid, Base, Salt or Neither? • NH4OH • H3PO4 • NH4Cl • H2O • HC2H3O2 • H2SO4 • NaCl • CO2 • Mg(OH)2 • NH3

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