Prohibition

2. Prohibition • The 18th Amendment went into effect in January of 1920, banning all alcoholic beverages. • Many believed that alcohol caused too many problems such as crime, wife and child abuse, and accidents on the job. • It was impossible to enforce the law. • People went to underground to hidden saloons or nightclubs called Speakeasies to obtain alcohol.

3. Al Capone • Centered in Chicago Al Capone killed off his competition and controlled all of the illegal sale of alcohol in Chicago. • He made $60 million a year. • He was sent to jail for tax evasion for 11 years. (Alcatraz) • Once released he became mentally ill, some say it was due to syphilis. Died due to complications from the disease.

4. Science and Religion Clash • Fundamentalism- a protestant movement that believed that all stories in the Bible were true and should be taken literally. • They believed that evolution was not true. • They began to call for laws that would prohibit the teaching of evolution.

5. The Scopes Trial- AKA the Monkey Trial- In 1925 Tennessee passed a law that made the teaching of evolution illegal. • The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) promised to defend any teacher who would challenge the law. • John T. Scopes accepted the challenge and taught evolution. He was arrested. • He was found guilty and fined $100. • Many began to accept that the Bible can be interpreted in different ways.

7. The Flapper • Flapper- young women who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the day. • Many women became more assertive and wanted equal status with men. • Some begun smoking, drinking in public, and talking openly about sex.

9. The growth of business and industry produced time saving appliances that freed women from some household chores and created jobs for millions of women. • During this time there were more stores that offered ready-made clothes, sliced bread, and canned food. (Time saving inventions) • More women worked and more kids went to school who began to spend less time with their families and became rebellious.

10. Mass Media • Huge national chains of Newspapers and magazines came about such as Readers Digest and Time Magazine. • Radio became the most powerful communications medium to emerge in the 1920’s. • Radio allowed more people to experience life and history while it happened. One could listen to Presidential speeches or hear the World Series live.

11. Original Cost: $85.00, which would cost $922.42 in 2005! Original Cost: $65.00(What cost $65.00 in 1928 would cost $693.18 in 2005dollars) Speaker Type: HeadphonesOriginal Cost: $69.00. With tube $76.50A $69.00 radio in 1922 would cost $714.25 in 2005!

12. Authors • Sinclair Lewis- First to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Wrote Babbitt, which dealt with Americans conformity and materialism. • F Scott Fitzgerald- coined the term “Jazz Age,” and “Flapper.” Wrote the novel The Great Gatsby. • Zora Neale Hurston- was an author during the time of the Harlem Renaissance, best known for the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.

13. W. E. B. Du Bois- a founding member of the NAACP lad a parade of 10,000 African American men in New York to protest racial violence. • NAACP- continued its campaign through antilynching legislation. • Marcus Garvey- founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). • Garvey also encouraged African Americans to return to Africa and help native people there throw off white colonial oppressors, and build a mighty nation.

15. During the Great Migration many African American families moved to Harlem, New York. • Harlem Renaissance- It was a literary and artistic movement led by well-educated, middle class African Americans who expressed a new pride and wrote with defiance about the trials of being black in a white world.

16. JAZZ • Jazz was born in the early 20th century in New Orleans. • Louis Armstrong- Trumpet player that became the most important and influential musician in the history of jazz. • Duke Ellington- Jazz pianist and composer became one of the greatest composers of the 20th century. • Bessie Smith-became the highest paid black artist in the world.

18. The Nation’s Sick Economy

19. Industries in Trouble • Railroads lost business to new forms of transportation such as trucks, buses and automobiles. • The housing industry began to fall and when housing falls so do jobs related to it such as furniture, lumber, appliances and so on. • The Farming industry went form making $10 billion to $4 billion in two years.

20. Living on Credit • Many Americans were living beyond their means. They bought goods on credit and increased their debt. • Because many Americans were in debt, they stop spending as much. • Uneven Distribution of Income- 70% of families earned $2500 a year. • Families earning $5000 could not afford to buy many of the household products that were around at the time. • The Economic boom of the 1920’s was enjoyed by the rich.

21. Stock Market • Dow Jones Industrial Average (Dow)- measures the health of the stock market by measuring the stock prices of 30 large companies on the New York Stock Exchange. • Sept. 1929-Stock Market Prices peaked and then fell. • Oct. 24, 1929- Stock Market takes a plunge and panicked investors tried to sell all of their shares. • Oct 29, 1929- Is now known as Black Tuesday was when stock prices fell sharply and investors sold a record of 16.4 million shares.

22. Great Depression • The stock Market Crash signaled the beginning of the Great Depression from 1929 to 1940 • During the Great Depression unemployment skyrocketed and many people made a run on the bank to take out their money. • However, many banks invested in the stock market and over 600 banks closed. • By 1933, 11,000 banks had failed and millions of people lost their savings accounts.

23. Over 13 million people lost their jobs and those that kept their jobs faced pay cuts and reduced hours. • Countries that traded with the U.S. also suffered from the G.D.

25. Hardship During the Depression

26. People’s Lives • Because so many people lost their jobs, many were evicted from their homes and lived in the streets. • Shantytowns- little towns consisting of shacks made up of cars, boxes, cardboard or whatever junk they can put together. • Soup Kitchens- offered free or low cost food • Bread lines- lines of people waiting to receive food provided by charitable organizations.

28. African Americans and Latinos suffered more during the great depression because their unemployment was higher and when they were employed they were paid less. • Racial violence increased due to whites competing for the same job. • 24 African Americans were lynched in 1933. • Many whites demanded that Mexicans be deported even if they were born in the U.S. Hundreds of thousands relocated in Mexico due to deportation or they left voluntarily.

29. The Dust Bowl • Many farmers removed the grasslands of the Great Plains so they can grow their crops. After several years, the land was not suitable for growing crops. • When a drought and wind began in the Great Plains there was little grass to hold the soil down. • A wind storm in 1934 carried dust all the way to the East Coast. • Many families packed their stuff and headed to California down Route 66. Those that migrated became known as Okies (became a negative word for all migrants).

33. Effects on the Family • Many men could not provide for their families and would wander the streets in search for jobs. • After 2-3 years of searching for a job many men became discouraged, stopped searching for jobs, and even abandoned their families. • As many as 300,000 “hoboes” wandered the streets, hitched rides on railroad boxcars, and slept under bridges. • During the early years of the Great Depression the Federal Government did not offer direct relief- or cash payments like welfare.

34. Women and Children of the Great Depression • Many married were not hired during the Depression because many believed they had no right to work when there were men who were unemployed. • Children with poor diets began to develop serious health problems. • Many schools also shut down, and children went to work. • “Wild Boys” were teenagers that hopped on freight trains in search of work, adventure, and an escape from poverty. • “If I leave my mother, it will mean one less mouth to feed.”

35. Social effects • Many people lost their will to survive and committed suicide and many were admitted to mental hospitals. • Many people also developed habits of saving and thriftiness.

36. Hoover Struggles with the Depression

37. Hoover’s Cautious Steps • Herbert Hoover asked employers not to cut wages or lay off workers, and workers not to demand raises or go on strike. • During this time he also got approval from Congress to build Boulder Dam (AKA Hoover Dam). • Because prices of farm products dropped, many farmers grew frustrated and burned their corn and dumped their milk on highways rather than sell it at a loss. This was called a “Farm Holiday.” • They did this to lower the supply of farm products which would raise the price.

39. Shantytowns became known as Hoovervilles. • Newspapers became Hoover Blankets • Empty pockets turned inside out were “Hoover Flags.” • Many saw Hoover as a heartless leader that wasn’t doing enough for the people by not offering direct relief or federal welfare.

40. Hoover Takes Action • Federal Home Loan Bank Act- Lowered mortgage rates and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans and avoid foreclosure. • Bonus Army- WWI veterans that had not been compensated for their wartime service marched on the nations capitol. • They hoped that they would convince Congress to pass the Patman Bill that would give them $500 each. • Hoover later sent 1,000 soldiers to get rid of the Bonus Army. They used tear gas, which killed an 11 month old baby and blinded an 8 year old boy. Two people were shot and many Americans could not believe how the government was treating its veterans. • Guess who won the next presidential election?

41. A New Deal Fights the Depression

42. The New Deal • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) became president and began working with a team of professors, lawyers, and journalist known as the “Brain Trust.” • They designed a program to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression called the New Deal. • The New Deal had three goals: relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform.

43. The Hundred Days • From March 9 to June 16, 1933, Congress passed 15 major pieces of New Deal legislation. • A day after taking office, Roosevelt declared a bank holiday and closed all the banks to prevent further withdrawals. • He passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which would authorize the Treasury Department to inspect banks.

44. Fireside Chats • Fireside Chats were 30 radio talks about issues of public concern, explaining in clear, simple language his New Deal measures.

45. Regulating Banking • Glass-Steagall Act- established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). • Federal Securities Act- required for corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings and made them liable for any misrepresentations. • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)- regulated the stock market by preventing people with inside information about companies from “rigging” the stock market for their own profit. • In 1933 the 21 Amendment was passed which repeal prohibition. The tax of alcohol was then more expensive.

46. Rural Assistance • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)- raised crop prices by lowering production. • The government paid farmers to leave land unseeded. • It also paid farmers to slaughter 6 million pigs and 220,000 pregnant cows . • Many Americans protested the destruction of food when many people were going hungry.

47. Work Projects • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)- Put young men aged 18 to 25 to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees, and soil-erosion and flood-control projects. • The CCC paid workers $30 a month, in which $25 was automatically sent home. It supplied free food, uniforms, and lodging in the work camps. • The CCC planted over 200 million trees in the Great Plains area to prevent another Dust Bowl.

48. NIRA • National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)- provided money to states to create jobs in construction of schools and other community buildings. • NIRA failed to make sufficient jobs for the unemployed. • Therefore, Roosevelt established the Civil Works Administration (CWA), which created 40,000 schools and paid 50,000 teachers in rural areas.

49. New Deal Under Attack • By the end of the Hundred Days, many had benefited from the New Deal. • Roosevelt agreed to a policy of deficit spending- spending more money that the government receives in revenue. • The Supreme Court struck down the AAA on the grounds that agriculture is a state matter not to be regulated by the federal government.

50. Fearing that the Supreme Court might dismantle the New Deal, Roosevelt proposed a court reform bill that would allow him to appoint six new Supreme Court Justices. • Many Justices retired and Roosevelt was able to was able to appoint seven new justices.