Chapter 19

1. Chapter 19 Early Latin America

2. Iberian Peninsula • Latin American lands provided valuable goods such as silver, gold, and crops • Iberians- Spanish and Portuguese • Peninsula-consisted of Muslims and Christians • Christian Kingdoms • Portugal-Atlantic coast • Aragon- East side of Peninsula • Castile- Center of Peninsula

3. Uniting the Empire • Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile • Unify Spain • Get rid of the religious and cultural division • Granada- the last Muslim Kingdom in Iberian Peninsula • Isabella ordered Jews in her realm to either convert to Christianity or leave • 200,000 Jews leave (hurt the Castilian economy) • 1942- Ferdinand and Isabella willing to support Columbus (not Spanish) hoped to reach East Indies by sailing west. (the Granada war was over and the religious unification was established)

4. Settling in Americas • Many commoners who settled in the Americas sought to recreate themselves as nobility with natives as their serfs • Slavery was already present in Spain so slave trade was extended to the Americas • Conquest- 3 periods • 1. 1942-1570- main lines of administration and economy were set out • Human destruction and transforming new societies (p. 419 map) • 2. 1570-1700- consolidation and maturity • 3. 18th century- reform that strengthened the colonial relationship to the Americas caused dissatisfaction and revolt

5. Caribbean • First area of Spanish exploration and settlements • Set the model for other settlements in the Americas • After Columbus’ expedition- a return expedition the next year established a colony on the island Santo Domingo, or Hispaniola • Puerto Rico (1508) • Cuba (1511) • 1513 settlements in Panama and northern coast of South America

6. Labor • Taino- people of the Caribbean provided surplus of labor • Encomienda- indigenous people granted to individual Spaniards for labor • Use them for labor or to tax them • Gold hunting, slaving and European diseases depopulated the islands

7. Conquests 50-500 men Done individully (with government approval) 2 paths- 1 to Mexico and 1 to South America Hernan Cortes- 600 men to Mexico in search of kingdom in center of land, took over Tenochtitlan Moctezuma II- Aztec emperor, captured and killed Able to defeat Aztecs by diseases, battle and aid from Aztec enemies Mexico City

8. Conquerors Few were military men Gave shares to those who were part of the conquest. Shares not equal for all people (horses, family, friends got more) Declared themselves as nobles Advantages of natives- horses, guns, steel weapons By 1570- bureaucrats, merchants, and colonists replaced conquerors

9. New Spain- most of interior of Mexico dominated by the Spanish FransicoPizzaro- Inca empire (Peru)- est Lima Francisco Vazquez de Coronado- southwest US up to Kansas (in search for gold) Pedro de Valdivia- conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and est Santiago

10. Spanish American Cities Grid plan or checkerboard form Town hall Major church Governor’s palace in the center P.420 picture

11. Depopulation • Immigration to Latin America (women and African slaves) turned an area of conquest into an area of settlement • Labor needs of the Islands, African slaves imported • Mistreatment and destruction of Native Americans • Bartolome de Las Casas- conquistador turned priest • Tried to end abuses of natives

12. Diseases Small pox, influenza and measles War and diseases brought population in central Mexico from 25 million to 2 million This decline matched the increase in European livestock flourishing on newly created Spanish farms

14. Exploitation of Indians Mexico and Peru- indigenous nobility supported by Spanish authority remained as middle man to collect taxes or collect labor Mita system- churches, roads, mining Gold- Caribbean, Colombia, and Chile Silver-more than gold Mexico and Peru

15. Heart of Silver Potosi- modern day Bolivia- largest silver mine Produced 80% of Peruvian silver first used NA slaves, then created labor draft Mita mining system Extracticed silver out of rock using mercury Huancavelica- mountain of mercury “great marriage of Peru”

17. Mines supplied by distant regions Used supplies from neighboring regions for food, mules, clothing, coca leaves to stop hunger and ease the weariness with high altitudes

18. Haciendas Family owned rural estates Produced grains, grapes, livestock NA provided labor Produced for consumers in Latin America Became basis for power are local aristocracy in many regions Coca and sugar (shipped to Europe)

20. Self Sufficient Colonies • Ecuador, New Spain, and Peru • Sweatshops- produced by women • America self sufficient- Europe only needed for luxury items • Spain restricted trading with other nations- had to go through Spanish city Seville • Registered ships, passengers, kept charts, collected taxes • Consulado- merchant guild of Seville, monopoly

22. Shipping Convoy system Two fleets sailed annually to trade goods Met at Havana, Cuba Ships- galleons, large heavy armed Two galleons would also sail from Manila in the Philippines to Mexico loaded with Chinese silks, porcelain, and lacquer Ports in Havana and Colombia provided shelter for treasure ships Coast guard Pirate raids

23. Galleons

24. Spanish Authority American empire under rule of the crown based on the Pope. Pope awarded West Indies to Castile to bring people into the Christian community (Most Spanish conquistadors did not uphold this regulation) Treaty of Tordesilla (1494) split spheres of influence between Portugal and Castile

25. Bureaucratic System • Recopilacion- basis of Spanish laws in West Indies • King ruled through Council of the Indies in Spain • Two viceroyalties- (Spanish colonial district) one based in Mexico City and one in Lima • Viceroys- (direct representatives of the king) nobles who represented the king • Contained 10 judicial systems controlled by audiencias (supreme court) • Previous military experience • Local level- appointed magistrates applied the law, collected taxes, assigned the work of American communities

26. Religious Structure Franciscans, Dominicans and Jesuits Widespread conversion to Catholicism Took Pope’s declaration seriously Catholic church influenced architecture Printing press- religious texts and academic texts Schools run by clergy Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz- author, poet, musician. Welcomed at the court of the viceroy in Mexico City- gave up secular concerns to focus on faith

27. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

28. Portuguese Colony 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral- expedition to India but landed on coast of Brazil Little attention to Brazil for 30 years Pressure from French competitors 1532- coast cleared from competitors Settlers set up colonies along coast

29. Brazil Slave Economy • 1600s • 7000 Slaves imported yearly • Leading sugar producer • Social hierarchy • White planters married local merchants and to few Portuguese bureaucrats • Bottom of society- slaves • Missionaries • Jesuits – construction of churches and schools and net work of missions

30. Fall of Sugar Boom • Competition for sugar lowered Brazilian economy • Dutch, English and French sugar colonies • Paulistas- Portuguese, traveled interior of Brazil • Started gold mining • Minas Gerais- 1 of Brazil’s 26 states. Mountainous, region for gold strikes • People left coast line- Gold Rush • Rio de Janeiro- colonial capital 1763, close to mines of MiasGerais • Boost economy of Portugal

32. Multiracial Societies Indians, Europeans, Africans Europeans- conquerors, voluntary immigrants Indians- conquered people Africans- slaves Masters vs servants Christians vs pagans

33. Mixed Races • Indians • Concubines and female servants • Marriages with indigenous women were not unknown • Few European women= mixing with Native population • Mestizos- higher in social ranking • Slaves • Slave owners sometimes exploited female slaves • Sometimes freed their mulatto child • Result- large population of mixed backgroun

34. Sociedad de castas • Sociedad de castas- race, and place of birth play a part in social ranking • Whites on top • Slaves, natives on bottom • People of mixed origins were known as castas • 1650-5-10% of population • 1750- 35-40% population • Peninsulares- those born in Spain • Creoles- those born in New World

35. Creoles Dominated local economies Said legitimate Europeans (possibility of Indian ancestry) Top in society but second under peninsulares Strong sense of self idenitity

36. Spain Problems Foreign wars Increasing debt Decline in population Internal revolts

37. Spanish Probs Threatened by growing monarchs in France, England Since 16th century- English, French, Dutch ship raids Could not take Mexico or Peru but Caribbean became a target Buccaneers- no allegiance to anyone raiding Caribbean ports late 16th century England took Jamaica-1654 France took western Hispaniola (Haiti) Other islands fell too

38. Silver payments decreased Colonies self sufficient Annual fleet became irregular Increasing control from local aristocrats in colonies BUT Spain kept its colonies for another century

39. Bourbon reforms • Charles II dies (no heir) • Who will be king? • Philip of Anjou- Bourbon, relative to king of France • War of Spanish Succession- (1702-1713) • European powers • Treaty of Utrecht • Recognized Bourbon family as rulers of Spain • French merchants allowed to operate in Seville • England trade slaves in Spanish America

40. Philip V of Spain and the Duke of Vendôme commanded the Franco-Spanish charge at the Battle of Villaviciosa by Jean Alaux (1840).

41. Bourbon Reforms • Make Spain more powerful • Government more effective • Anyone opposed to new order would be punished • Jesuits- primary target • Alligence to Rome (Catholic) • Creoles expelled from their bureaucratic offices • Revealed by Jose de Galvez’s 7 year investigations in Mexico • Spain and France allies- constantly at odds with England

42. Bourbon Reforms= elite upset • Control over economy • Monopolies over essential items • Tobacco, gunpowder • Elites will become upset with Bourbon reforms: • Creoles Removed from government • Created a militia with Creole officers • opening of commerce

43. Portugal Reforms Marquis of Pombal- Prime Minister of Portugal Influenced by English political techniques Wanted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil Financial reforms- eliminate smuggling gold Develop Amazon region Export cacao Cotton plantations Stopped slavery