The Agrarian Republic

1. The Agrarian Republic Chapter 9: Out of Many

2. Today’s Learning Targets • #2: Outline the communities on the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts in the 1800’s • #3: Describe the national economy on this era and the continued development of it.

3. I. North American Communities From Coast to CoastII. A National Economy • Today’s outline: pg. 269

4. Former American Colonies now states(Map 272) • *First and Second Census: 1790-1800: • Population grew from 3.9 million to 5.3 • *Growth by migration to the west • *Addition of new states: • Kentucky 1792, Tennessee 1796, Ohio 1803, Louisiana 1812, Indiana 1816, Mississippi 1817, Illinois 1817, Alabama 1819, Maine and Missouri 1820 • No one knew within 50 years that the US would dominate the continent. (Discussion ? #1)

5. Spanish Colonies • Spanish control weak as of 1790: Paper looked dominate in N.A; reality too much tensions • Peninsulares vs. Criollos • Remember; Frontier of inclusion. Now no “original” Spanish influence. • Established Missions(LA, San Diego,Sonoma) in a last ditch effort to protect Mexico from outside commercial influence, etc.

6. New Orleans & Louisiana – New Spain • Spanish control of New Orleans • New Orleans – large French population & half black or mixed race • International port ($3 mil. Worth of trading products/Tobacco, Rice, Sugar, Cotton, Fruits • and Vegs. • U.S. concerned with maintaining right to use Mississippi River • Pinckney’s Treaty (What was this again?) • St. Louis….Who would have thought it would • become the finest American city and gateway to • the west.

7. Florida & the Caribbean • East & West Florida – Spanish control of Gulf of Mexico • Caribbean - sugar industry – molasses, rum (80-90% to Europe) • Shared a lot with Southern US (Slaves) • Haiti Slave Rebellion – Toussaint L’Overture– stirred fear in U.S.

8. British North America • Canada – mostly Loyalists with exception of Quebec • After Revolution, British set up strong national legislature • Dominated St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, etc.

9. Russian America • Fur traders – extension of Russian takeover of Siberia(Peter the Great) • Outposts along Alaskan coast • Leads to overhunting and decline in fur in some areas • Sometimes took fur by force from Aleut people but they also intermarried

10. Trans-Appalachia: Cinncinnati • By 1800 – over 500,000 lived west of Appalachian Mts • Migration: Principal feature of American Life (5-10% moved each year. Family affair) • Cincinnati was major trading center on Ohio River • Strong past as a military fort “Slaughterhouse” • Indian resistance broke after Battle of Fallen Timbers • Shipping more on Mississippi (Describe the hazards) • “Queen City of the West”

11. Atlantic Ports: Charleston to Boston • Only 3 percent lived in cities but most cities were sea ports • Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, Boston, New York (Describe on white boards)

12. So…let’s review..Post it note! • Outline the communities on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts in the 1800’s.

13. II. The Economy of the Young Republic • North was more self-sufficient • South depended more on marketing crops overseas - Demand for tobacco & rice was static, needed something more • French Revolution affect U.S. • More food grown to feed those in cities • U.S. shippers re-export European goods to other areas in the world • U.S. enters the China trade • Stimulated growth of U.S. coastal cities

14. Shipping & the Economic Boom • Ship building – major industry • Americans entered the Northwest fur and China markets • International trade brought insurance companies, banks, brokers • By 1820 the U.S. was building a strong and diverse economy

15. Stop…Review time! • Discussion question # 3 • Learning Target # 3

16. And then….the changing of the guard! Vs.

17. Republican Agrarianism • Jefferson fears Federalists and industry would produce the extremes of wealth and industrial squalor – like Europe • His ideal was an agrarian republic • Needed balance of yeoman farmers • Needed land – more opportunity for life, liberty and pursuit of happiness • Thomas Malthus – overpopulation fears • Essay on the Principle of Population

18. Page 279

19. Jefferson’s Government: “A Virtual Republic” • Peaceful change of power from one political party to another • Elected on promise to reduce size of federal government – paid down federal debt • Cut internal taxes (Whiskey tax), reduced size of army, navy and government staff • Shifts costs to state & local government • Barbary Pirates – Tripolitan War

20. Let’s Role play! • “You have been elected the new Mayor of Mishicot. Before leaving office, the old • mayor gave jobs to several of his political friends but the paperwork hasn’t made it to the personnel office yet. • A. Should you 1) honor the jobs promised by the old mayor, or 2) cancel the jobs since they aren’t “officially” in the system yet? • B. What are the possible negatives to denying these people their jobs? What are the possible positives to allowing them to take these jobs? • C. Would it make a difference if the perspective employees had worked against you in the mayoral elections?

21. An Independent Judiciary • Midnight Judges • Marbury v. Madison – • established judicial review • Made judicial branch as strong as legislative & executive branches

22. The Louisiana Purchase • Napoleon acquired LA from Spain – no longer needs it to feed Caribbean slaves • Jefferson wants to buy New Orleans • French offer entire LA Territory for $15 million • Doubled size of U.S. • Violated strict construction of Constitution • Maintained French culture in New Orleans per the purchase treaty

23. Incorporating Louisiana • Lewis & Clark – Sacajawea • Maps • Flora & Fauna • Indian relations

24. Texas & Mexican Independence • Spain loses control – • Uprisings and conspiracies to revolt • Russians in Northern California • U.S. increasing trade on Mississippi • U.S. begins trade in California - illegal • Mexican Revolution • Texas belongs to Mexico

25. Problems with Neutral Rights • British seized U.S. ships trading in French West Indies & carrying French goods to France • Impressment – “once a British subject, always a British subject” – opened fire on our ships – Chesapeake Affair • Boycott British goods – not effective • French seizing ships trading with the British

26. The Embargo Act • Stopped all trade – Extreme response to the problem – hurt U.S. more than Britain or France • Deep depression & widespread smuggling • Federalists gain some strength but Madison wins Election of 1808

28. Madison & The Failure of “Peaceable Coercion” • Embargo Act repealed • Non-Importation Act: no imports • Non-Intercourse Act - trade will all but British & French • Macon’s Bill #2: trade with whichever country promised first to respect our trading rights – French win

29. A Contradictory Indian Policy • Jefferson hoped for conversion & assimilation or moving Indians west of Mississippi • Good intentions but destructive to Indians • Tribes were divided – some friendly, some not • William Henry Harrison – general on the frontier • Used coercion and bribes to obtain land

30. Indian Resistance • Tecumseh, the Prophet (Tenskwatawa) • Built Indian confederacy – halt land sales to whites – all land belonged to all Indians • no one man could sign away the rights of all • Battle of Tippecanoe – William Henry Harrison • Proof British were arming Indians on frontier • “Tippecanoe & Tyler too” – • Made Harrison a hero

31. The War Hawks • Want war with British • Stop impressment & assert our independence • Most from the West & South • Thought the U.S. could gain Canada and Florida

32. The Campaign Against Canada • Great Lakes, St. Lawrence River, Lake Champlain • Oliver Perry – Lake Erie – only real success • Cut off British supplies to Indians • Other campaigns failed due to New England opposition

33. War in the South ***Andrew Jackson*** • Invade Florida – Treaty of Ft. Jackson: Creeks lost over half their land • Indian fighter • Battle of Red Sticks 1813 • Battle of Horseshoe Bend: killed more Indians than any other Indian-White battle • Jackson & Battle of New Orleans • Month after treaty was signed

34. The Hartford Convention • Federalists come to an end • Secession threat – nothing came of it • Wanted amendments to Constitution • 2/3rds majority to declare war • No embargo over 60 days • End 3/5th representation of slaves • 1 term limit for president • President must come from a different state than his predecessor – Virginia dynasty

35. The Treaty of Ghent • Before Battle of New Orleans – December 1814 • Ghent, Belgium • No change in territory – didn’t settle anything but… • IMPORTANT • Drove out British twice • National pride & unity • Stimulates American industry

36. Another Westward Surge • Eastern farmland was overpopulated – U.S. population doubled between 1800 and 1820 • Land in West was cheap – • could buy as little as 80 acres & Congress reduced the price • Indian threat was neutralized after War of 1812 • Transplanted people brought values west • Old Northwest like New England • Old Southwest like South

37. The Second Great Awakening • Camp meetings • Strengthened east-west relations • Helped Westerners create new institutions • New religions • Methodist • Baptist • Spurs utopian movement

38. Election of 1816 & Era of Good Feelings • Only one political party – Federalists disappear • James Monroe – reached out to other factions • Henry Clay: American system – South upset • Tariffs – 1816 first substantial protective tariff • Second Bank of U.S. • Money for canals, roads, railroads • Congress would not pass the last but supported the first two

39. Diplomacy of J.Q. Adams • Monroe Doctrine • No new colonies in Americas • Leave us alone and we will leave you alone • Used Jackson’s raid into Florida to pressure Spain to sell • Adams-Onis Treaty • Two British treaties • Demilitarized Canadian border • Joint occupation of Oregon Territory

40. Panic of 1819 • Land boom financed by speculative buying and easy credit • Second Bank of U.S. foreclosed on loans • Hurt urban workers already suffering from decline in trade and manufacturing failures. Want higher tariffs • Showed how commercial the U.S. was – not agrarian as Jefferson wished

41. Missouri Compromise • Admitting MO as a slave state would upset balance of slave and free states • Henry Clay – Great Compromiser • Maine is free state, Missouri is slave state • 36 degree 30’ line at bottom of Missouri to edge of Louisiana Territory • Above the line no slavery – MO is the exception • Below slavery is allowed