A DIVIDED NATION (1848–1860)

1. Chapter 18 A DIVIDED NATION(1848–1860) Section 1: The Debate over Slavery Section 2: Trouble in Kansas Section 3: Political Divisions Section 4: Secession

2. Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery OBJECTIVES • How did the outcome of the Mexican War affect the debate over the expansion of slavery? • What were the main conditions of the Compromise of 1850, and what reasons were given for supporting or opposing it? • Why was the Fugitive Slave Act controversial in the North?

3. Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery The Mexican War and Slavery Expansion • additional territory renewed the debate over slavery expansion • led to the Wilmot Proviso and sectionalism • began push for popular sovereignty • led to the Free-Soil Party • upset balance of free and slave states

4. Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery (continued) The Mexican War and Slavery Expansion Wilmot Proviso (1846) – proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession; passed in the House of Representatives but was defeated in the Senate popular sovereignty – the idea that political authority belongs to the people; also a principle that would allow voters in a particular territory to decide whether to ban or permit slavery

5. Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery (continued) The Mexican War and Slavery Expansion Free-Soil Party – political Party formed in 1848 by antislavery northerners who left the Whig and Democratic Parties because neither addressed the slavery issue

6. Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery Compromise of 1850 • Conditions of the Compromise of 1850 • California joins the Union as a free state. • New Mexico and Utah Territories will use popular sovereignty to decide the status of slavery. • Stronger fugitive slave law passed. • Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C. • Border dispute between new Mexico and Texas is resolved.

7. Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery (continued) Compromise of 1850 • Opposition to the Compromise of 1850 • Allowing California to enter as a free state would destroy the balance between the two sections of the country. • California would be admitted unconditionally. • Support for the Compromise of 1850 • Preserving the Union was more important than regional differences. • Slave labor was not necessary in that environment.

8. Section 1: The Debate Over Slavery Controversy in the North over the Fugitive Slave Act • lacked trial by jury • bribes were given to government officials for support

9. Section 2: Trouble in Kansas OBJECTIVES • How did different regions of the country react to the Kansas-Nebraska Act? • In what ways did people try to settle the conflict over slavery in Kansas? • What series of violent events showed growing division over slavery in the United States?

10. Section 2: Trouble in Kansas Kansas-Nebraska Act • protested in the North • received strong support in the South

11. Section 2: Trouble in Kansas Methods Used to Settle the Conflict Over Slavery in Kansas • compromise • protests

12. Section 2: Trouble in Kansas Violent Events Over Slavery • armed conflict in 1856 in Lawrence, Kansas • Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) – incident in which abolitionist John Brown and seven other men murdered pro-slavery Kansans

13. Section 3: Political Divisions OBJECTIVES • How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act affect U.S. political parties? • Why did Dred Scott sue for his freedom, and how did the Supreme Court rule on his case? • How did Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas differ in their views on slavery?

14. Section 3: Political Divisions Effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act on U.S. Political Parties • Republican Party formed in 1854 • Know-Nothing Party formed in 1849 Know-Nothing Party – political organization founded in 1849 by nativists who supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens and to hold office

15. Section 3: Political Divisions Dred Scott • Dred Scott was a slave who lived in free territory and then returned to slave territory. • He sued for his freedom claiming he had become free when he lived in free territory. • In 1857 the Supreme Court declared: • African Americans were not U.S. citizens. • The Missouri Compromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitutional. • Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any federal territory.

16. Section 3: Political Divisions Abraham Lincoln’s and Stephen Douglas’ Differing Views on Slavery • Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery and supported the equal rights for slaves. • Stephen Douglas supported slavery and did not feel the African Americans were equal.

17. Section 4: Secession OBJECTIVES • How did Americans react to John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry? • What factors led to Lincoln’s victory in the presidential election of 1860? • Why did some southern states decide to leave the Union?

18. Section 4: Secession Reactions to John Brown’s Raid • Some mourned his death and regarded him as a hero. • Others opposed his violence. • Southerners felt threatened. • It raised the secession issue in the South.

19. Section 4: Secession Factors Leading to Lincoln’s Victory in the Presidential Election of 1860 • Lincoln won 180 of the 183 electoral votes in the free states. • The slave states split their electoral votes thus giving Lincoln the victory. electoral votes – votes cast in states to elect the president in presidential elections

20. Section 4: Secession Reasons the Southern States Left the Union • believed Lincoln would abolish slavery • feared this action would destroy the South’s economy and society