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Aims and Topisc To examine the main elements of the Spanish experience

Politics for cultural heritage management in a comparative approach A proposal of discussion about « transoceanic relations». Aims and Topisc To examine the main elements of the Spanish experience

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Aims and Topisc To examine the main elements of the Spanish experience

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  1. Politics for cultural heritage management in a comparative approachA proposal of discussionabout «transoceanic relations» Aims and Topisc To examine the mainelements of the Spanish experience To consider and examine the cultural relations between the Spanish heritage and the development of South-American culture; A dividedhistory/a different culture?

  2. Ourspace of analysis

  3. A history of conquest? • The descovery, exploration and conquest of South America • began with the descovery of America by Colombo (1492) • In 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the isthmus of Panama • In 1519 Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire • In 1531 Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire, founding • the city of Lima

  4. Explorers and Conquerors Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) Cristoforo Colombo (1451 – 1506) Francisco Pizarro (1475-1541) Vasco Nunez de Balboa

  5. A history of independence • Itwas the series of warsoccurredbetween 1808 and 1833 to giveindependence to the differentsouth-american countries Josè Antonio Torres (Mexico) Josè Antonio de San Martin (Argentina – Chile – Perù) Simon Bolivar (Colombia)

  6. Descovering a cultural heritage? Machu Picchu Temple of Pachamac

  7. Descovering a cultural heritage? Santa Cecilia Acatitlan

  8. Descovering a cultural heritage? El Castillo – ChichenItza TakalikAbaj

  9. Descovering a cultural heritage? Calakmul Mayapan

  10. Descovering a cultural heritage?

  11. Some elementsaround the Spanish system of protectionThe first laws • At the beginning of the protectionistmovement in Spainwefindtwomaininstitutionsencharged of the protection: a)The Academy of History: found in 1738 by Phiilip V, ithad general powers of inspection and inventory of monuments; b) The Academy of Fine Arts: founded in 1752 by Ferdinand VI, ithadspecificcompetencies for works of architecture;

  12. The Academy of Historytoday Real Cédula – 1738 Itdefines the first Statute of the Academy of History

  13. Palacio de Goyeneche – Calle de Alcalà – Madrid Academia desBellasArtes de San Fernando The symbol

  14. Some examples… Elsueño del caballero – Antonio de Pereda Elentierro de la sardina - Goya

  15. A progressive centralization • In 1844 itwascreated a Central Commission for Monuments, with Commissionsat a provinciallevel • In 1857 itwasintroduced a general law around educational system, referredalso to the problem of protection of cultural objects. Claudio Moyano (1809 – 1890)

  16. La LeyMoyanoSome more details • Itwasintroduced on September 9 1857 and remainedas General Law of Educationtill 1970; • Itestablishedthreelevels of education: • primary: obligatory from 6 to 12 years of age; • Secundary: till 18 years of age; • University • Itintroduced a series of rules for the education and the study of art and history of art; • At the beginning of the XX° Century itwas, finally, introduced a Ministry for the Public Education and a General Direction for the Fine Arts.

  17. The experience of the Republic and the Constitution of 1931 • Itrecollected the results of previouslaws (1911, 1915, 1926), whichintroduced the idea of an Archeological National Treasure; • Itintroduced the idea of a National Treasure put under the protection of the State; • Art. 45: «all the artisticrichness of the country constitutes the National Treasure of the Nation and will be under the protection of the State. The State willprotectalso the thesitesrecognized for theirnatural beauty or for theirartistic or historicalvalue»; • The Constitutionalbasiswasappliedthrough a specific law promoted and introduced in 1933 wichremainedalsoafter the Civil War

  18. Under the Regime

  19. An authoritarian and conservative regime The Church The Monarchy National Tradition

  20. An opening system? • Law 22 July 1958 creating a system of protection for national, provincial and localmonuments; • Law 20 November 1964 – introducing a system of rules to protectmovableobjects; • Law for the protection of naturalspaces and sites – 1975; • Three administrativestructures: • Supervisor of Fine Arts; • Supervisor for devastedareas; • Supervisor of Architectur

  21. The systemtoday • At the basis of the systemitis the Constitutionintroducedin 1978 (6 December), the foundamental law of the State; • Itdetermined the transition of Spain from an authoritative regime to a constitutional and representativesystem; • Itallowed the process of development and modernization of Spain.

  22. Adolfo Suarez Gonzalez (1932 – 2014) Felipe Gonzales Marquez (1942-)

  23. Centralization/Decentralization • The Constitutionestablishes the unity of the State, but the art.2 recognizes the originalcharacter of spanishnationalities and of theirterritorialcontext; • National character of spanishterritorialautonomiesisalsorecognized by the art. 143: itintroduces the powerof establishing «autonomousCommunities» for Provinceshavinghistorical, cultural and economicdefinedcharacteristics, or having a so-defined «entidadregionalhistorica»; • Among the powersrecognized to autonomouscommunities are alsopowers of management of cultural asset.

  24. Nation/Autonomies • To avoidrisksrelated to the unity of the State, the Constitution and the lawsreognize the differencebetweenculture as a valueand competenciesrecognized to the autonomiesaround cultural heritage; • Some autonomouscommunitiesintroduced in theirStatutes some exclusivecompetenciesaround cultural heritage: so itis in the case of Paìs Vasco, Galicia, Andalucìa; • The ConstitutionalJudgeestablished cultural valuehas a general meaning, so the competencies are dividedbetween State and autonomouscommunities in a verydefinedmanner

  25. The State • The State isexclusivelycompetentaround the management and protection of: • General legislation for the protection of environment; • Protection of cultural, artistic, monumentalasset of Spainagainstexportation; • Museums, libraries and archiveswhich are ownership of the State

  26. The autonomouscommunities • Autonomouscommunities are exclusivelycompetentaround: • Museums, libraries, musical institutes, onsideredasrelevant for the localcommunities; • Monuments of interest for the localcommunities; • Development of the culture of the localcommunities

  27. The last result • The Law for the Historical Spanish Asset(1985) definesa new system of rulesbalancingcompetencies of the State and autonomouscommunities; • Twootherlaws – 1991 and 1994 – completed the system the same way; Consejo del Patrimonio Historico Itiscomposed by onemember of eachautonomous community and onemember of the administration of the State, whois the President of the body

  28. The role of the localcommunities • Theyhavecompetenciesaround the museums and musical institutes; • Ithasbeencreated a particularsystem – SystemasEspanoles de Archivos, Museos y Bibliotecas– representing an alternative system for the development of the protection of cultural heritage and also for the development of the culture; • The basis of the role of localcommunitiesisgiven by the Constitution, by the General Law of 1985, and by some otherparticularlawsaroundspecificcategories of cultural objects.

  29. A South-American cultural heritage? • The first matter to consideristhatone of the so-called «patrimonio cultural exiliado»: the amount of cultural objectsstolen and trasnported from Spain to South-America; • In Spain the law for artisticnationaltreasure – Ley relativa al patrimonio artistico nacional – introducedestablishedthat «artisttreasurisbound to ournationalhistory»

  30. A Soouth-American heritageafter the independence Twomainissues • Building an independentidentityagainst the formercolonialidentity: eliminatingeach trace of former colonia identity; • Building a sort of «purity» in «new countriesidentity» linked to the pre-colombianpast

  31. The example of Colombia • Law n.34 – May 29 1881 – constitutionof the National Museum and generallawtoprotect “objectswith a valuefor the nationalmemory and for the developmentof science” • Law n.59 – June 11 1881 – introductionof a Committeefor the study and developmentofnaturalsciences

  32. …otherexamples • Dominican Republic – 1870 – protectionof the nationalmonument “Alcazar de Colon” • Honduras – 1870 – protection of the Valley of Copán • 1891 – National Museum – with the cooperationof the PeabodyMuseum • Costa Rica – 1881 – National Archive • Nicaragua – 1870 – National Archive • Nicaragua – 1897 – Industrial, Commercial, Scientific National Museum • San Salvador – 1870 – National Museum • Bolivia – 1906 – protectionof the natural and archaeological site ofTihuanaco

  33. PalacioVirreynal – Alcazar de Colon

  34. Valley of Copan - Honduras

  35. Valley of Copan

  36. Tihuanaco - Bolivia

  37. Tihuanaco

  38. Tihuanaco

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