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REVOLUTIONARY OUTBREAKS

REVOLUTIONARY OUTBREAKS. 1815-1830. 1815. Deliberations in Vienna. Congress of Vienna Decisions. Principle of Legitimacy Principle of Intervention Concert of Europe Clemens von Metternich Foreign minister of Austria (1809-1848). Congress of Vienna Decisions.

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REVOLUTIONARY OUTBREAKS

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  1. REVOLUTIONARY OUTBREAKS 1815-1830

  2. 1815

  3. Deliberations in Vienna

  4. Congress of Vienna Decisions • Principle of Legitimacy • Principle of Intervention • Concert of Europe Clemens von Metternich Foreign minister of Austria (1809-1848)

  5. Congress of Vienna Decisions • Lenient toward their former enemy France • Restore the Bourbon dynasty • Create barriers against future French aggression • Desire to create a balance of power • Ensure future peace • Major powers to meet through a congress system (Metternich system) to maintain peace and the balance of power

  6. Congress of Vienna Decisions • Holy Alliance created Austria Prussia Russia Three of the four major autocratic empires that emerged and survived until WWI Ottoman is the fourth (4th)--Muslim

  7. 1820UPRISINGandREVOLUTIONS ITALY SPAIN GREECE Russia

  8. ITALY

  9. Congress of Vienna Decisions • Established Nine States in the Northern Italy (including Piedmont—part of the kingdom of Sardinia-ruled by the house of Savoy) • Handful of duchies ruled by the Austrian Empire relatives • Lombardy and Venetia part of the Austrian Empire • the Papal States • the kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily)

  10. Congress of Vienna Decisions • Most of Italy under Austrian domination • Attempted to smother any national or liberal sentiment

  11. 1820: Naples & Palermo(vs. the Bourbon dynasty)1821: Turin(vs. the ruling house ofPiedmont-Sardinia) and many more…

  12. Italian Reaction • Secret societies with nationalistic dreams • the Carbonari (‘charcoal burners’) • Plan for revolution • force King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies to grant a liberal constitution

  13. Congress of Vienna Reaction • King secretly called on the Congress System for military help • Austrian army marches in and suppresses the revolt • Absolutism restored in Naples

  14. SPAIN • King Ferdinand VII (r. 1808 and 1813 to 1833)

  15. Congress of Vienna Decisions • King Ferdinand VII restored to the throne • Rules as an ABSOLUTE MONARCH • Persecutes liberals • Ferdinand VII announces plans to reclaim Spain’s lost colonies (little issue the Monroe Doctrine—infuriates Metternich )

  16. Spanish Reaction • Plan for revolution • Mutiny by army troops (led by Colonel Rafael Reigo) • King forced to sign liberal constitution

  17. Congress of Vienna Reaction • King secretly messengered the Congress System (Congress of Europe) for military help • French army of 100,000 invade Spain and puts down the revolt • King becomes a ruthless absolutist

  18. Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)Young Italy(founded 1831)

  19. The Decembrist Insurrection (1825) a military coup led by a group of moderately liberal junior officers of the army who wanted a constitutional monarchy. New Tsar, Nicholas I, ordered the artillery to fire on the demonstrators - - short-lived demonstration (no pun intended!) · Significant because this revolt convinces Nicholas I that liberals will be the downfall of civilization RUSSIA

  20. PUT DOWN ITS OWN REVOLT No need for the Concert of Europe Tsar, Nicholas I, reversed/revoked any form of liberal legislation RUTHLESS ABSOLUTISM Consequences

  21. 1830REVOLUTIONS Greece France Netherlands/Belgium Poland Italy Germany

  22. GREECE

  23. 1821 • Greek Revival of National Sentiment • Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Empire (400 years under Muslim control—were able to keep language and Christian religion) • Desire for liberation “from the terrible yoke of Turkish oppression”

  24. Eugène Delacroix Greece on the Ruinsof Missolonghi (1826)

  25. Congress of Vienna Decision • Principle of Intervention new interpretation • Supported a revolution • 1827—British and French Fleet defeat an Ottoman armada • Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire • 1829—Treaty of Adrianople

  26. TREATY of ADRIANOPLE

  27. TREATY of ADRIANOPLE • Ended the Russian-Turkish War • Russia became protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia • Ottoman Empire agreed to allow Russia, France and Britain to decide the fate of Greece

  28. Kingdom of Greece (est. 1830) Consequences

  29. FRANCE Louis XVIII Charles X

  30. Congress of Vienna Decision • Bourbon dynasty restored • Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) (1815-1824) • Constitutional Monarchy --Louis XVIII protected the people from the return of absolutism and aristocratic privilege

  31. Consequences Charles X (r.1824-1830) {brother of Louis XVIII} believed in absolute rule and wanted to follow the philosophy of theCongress of Vienna {re-establish the old order } JULY ORDINANCES -Suspended the legislature -Limited the right to vote -Restricted the press Rebellion

  32. Consequences • THE JULY REVOLUTION • Provisional government of moderate propertied liberals • Louis-Philippe (r.1830-1848) {cousin of Charles X who fled to the UK} becomes the constitutional king • New monarchy in place • Focus on the upper middle class {bourgeoisie} • Lower classes disappointed

  33. NETHERLANDS

  34. Congress of Vienna Decision • United the Austrian Netherlands and the Dutch Republic • Created the Kingdom of the Netherlands • Constitutional Monarchy ruled by the House of Orange (absolutist at heart) • Economically seemed successful • Belgium industrial (Catholic) • Dutch agricultural and trade (Protestant)

  35. Consequences • Belgians Catholic, spoke Flemish • Dutch Calvinists, spoke Dutch • Belgians received support from France (Louis Phillipe) and England (George IV/William IV) • Flemish nationalism wins • Establish a constitutional monarcy • Belgium becomes an independent state 1831 • Recognized by all great powers 1839

  36. POLAND

  37. Congress of Vienna Decision • Russian Empire received ►Poland ►Lithuania ►Belorussia ►Ukraine

  38. Consequences • Secret society in the Polish Army refused to help crush the current French Revolution at the order of Nicholas I • Attempted to assassinate the commander in chief of the Polish army (brother of the Russian Emperor) • NOVEMBER INSURRECTION

  39. Consequences • POLES HAD NO CLEAR LEADERSHIP • Hope for assistance from France (NONE) • People lost confidence in the cause • Russians crushed the revolt with the help of Austria • Establish an oppressive military dictatorship

  40. Principle of Intervention Invoked • Nationalist uprisings inspired by France’s July Revolution • Italy • Germany • Poland CRUSHED by AUSTRIAN TROOPS by METTERNICH’S ORDERS

  41. ITALY • attempt to unify northern Italy • YOUNG ITALY is formed as a secret revolutionary group in 1831 led by GuiseppeMazzini(1805-1872)

  42. GERMANY • Upset over Carlsbad Decrees—root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers • university students and professors lead street demonstrations

  43. REVOLUTION RESULTS SUCCESSES FAILURES ITALIAN STATES SPAIN RUSSIA POLAND GERMAN STATES ITALIAN STATES (again) • GREECE • NETHERLANDS • FRANCE

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