Ｕｎｉｔ １１

1. Ｕｎｉｔ　１１ World Cultural Heritage

2. Lead-in Activities • Background Information • Text Structure • Sentence Study • Notes to Words & Phrases; • Paraphrase; • Translation • V. Exercises

3. Lead-in Activities

4. Questions: • 1. What’s your idea of world cultural heritage? • 2. Have you been to any historical sites? Would you please tell us your experiences of visiting such places? • 3. Do you have any idea about the cultural heritage in India?

5. Background Information

6. [Line 4, Para.1] The Mughal (also Mogul or Moghul) Empire (1526-1858)莫卧儿帝国 • Itwas an Indian imperial power that ruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent. It began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

7. ①Mogul：莫卧儿, 印度的穆斯林，尤指16 世纪征服印度而建立的穆斯林帝国的蒙古族人。 ②Mughal architecture: It is symmetrical and decorative in style, which is a combination of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture, and was developed by Mughals in the 16th and 17th centuries in what is now India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

8. 2. [Line 5, Para.1] Taj Mahal泰吉 . 玛哈尔陵，即泰姬陵。

9. 泰姬陵位于阿格拉(Agra)市郊的朱穆拿河南岸，建于1632年至1650年，是莫卧儿王朝第五代皇帝沙杰汗（Shah Jahan）为其宠妃蒙泰姬•玛哈尔(Mumtaz Mahal)而建。泰姬陵耗时22年建成，具有浓郁伊斯兰建筑风格。东西长580米，南北宽305米。四周为红砂石围墙，中央为白色大理石建造的陵墓，高74米，底座边长56.7米。 陵墓前有一条狭长的水池，环绕以绿树和鲜花；玉带般的水池两侧是宽阔的通道，池水清澈，碧波荡漾，中有陵墓、树木、鲜花等的倒影，使人心旷神怡。陵墓后面的朱穆那河，婉蜒流过，水流时急时缓，为陵墓增添了几分清幽的光彩。

10. 3. [Line6, Para.2] UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)联合国科教文组织 Itis a specialized agency of the United nations established on 16 November 1945. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights along with fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter.

11. 4. [Line7, Para.3, P.206] The Sikh Golden Temple阿姆利则的锡克教金庙 Officially renamed Harmandir Sahib in March 2005, it is a major pilgrimage destination for Sikhs from all over the world, as well as an increasingly popular tourist attraction. Unlike many historical sacred sites, the Golden Temple of Amristar is still fully alive with religious fervor and sacredness, and visitors are welcomed to join in experience. Although the building itself has great historical and architectural interest, it is the Golden Temple’s great spiritual meaning for Sikh believers (and others) that is most memorable to visitors. In a country that is exceptionally rich with vibrant devotion, the Golden Temple is regarded as “the most tangibly spiritual place in the country.”

13. 在锡克教的活动中心阿姆利则市，可以看到锡克教的最大寺庙——大金庙（因这座寺庙的顶和门户镏金而得此名）。阿姆利则市是印度西北旁遮普邦的边境城市，同巴基斯坦接壤。大金庙是15世纪由锡克教第五代宗师阿尔琼创建，后遭洗劫毁废，几经重建修复。1830年重修。在锡克教的活动中心阿姆利则市，可以看到锡克教的最大寺庙——大金庙（因这座寺庙的顶和门户镏金而得此名）。阿姆利则市是印度西北旁遮普邦的边境城市，同巴基斯坦接壤。大金庙是15世纪由锡克教第五代宗师阿尔琼创建，后遭洗劫毁废，几经重建修复。1830年重修。 锡克教信奉一神，但不为神画像，也不为神塑身；锡克教不设专职神职人员，凡成年人，不分男女都可以主持礼拜。锡克教的寺庙一般有四个门，分别朝东西南北四个方向，意味着锡克教的大门向来自任何方向的兄弟姐妹敞开。无论白天黑夜，任何时间都可以去大金庙参观，而且从不收费。

14. 5. [Line2, Para.4] Bodhgaya菩提伽耶 It is a religious place in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is famous for being the place of Gautama Budda’s （释迦牟尼佛，即 Siddhattha Gotama）attainment of Enlightenment（悟道， 成佛）. The main monastery of Bodhgaya, now is called the Mahabodhi Temple(大菩提寺).

15. For Buddhists, Bodh Gaya is the most important of the main four pilgrimage sites(四大佛教圣地) related to the life of Gautama Buddha, the other three being Kushinagar（涅槃之地拘尸那迦）, Lumbini（诞生地蓝毗尼园，位于现在的尼泊尔境内), and Sarnath（第一次五比丘讲说佛法的鹿野苑). In 2002, Mahabodhi Temple (大菩提寺), located in Bodh Gaya, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

16. 大菩提寺相传有1800多年的历史，据称为阿育王所建，寺庙主体为方台形，上建圆锥形尖顶，高170英尺。寺前拱门上有狮、鹿、牛、象等动物雕刻。寺中靠西墙的祭台上有释迦牟尼像。寺外院中有很多高僧的舍利塔。大菩提寺中的毕钵罗树虽已不是当年佛祖修成正觉所靠的那棵树，但仍深为教徒所崇拜。大菩提寺相传有1800多年的历史，据称为阿育王所建，寺庙主体为方台形，上建圆锥形尖顶，高170英尺。寺前拱门上有狮、鹿、牛、象等动物雕刻。寺中靠西墙的祭台上有释迦牟尼像。寺外院中有很多高僧的舍利塔。大菩提寺中的毕钵罗树虽已不是当年佛祖修成正觉所靠的那棵树，但仍深为教徒所崇拜。

17. 6. [Line8, Para.4] Nirvana涅槃 It is a central concept in Indian religions. In islamic thought, it is the state of being free from suffering (or dukkha). In Hindu philosophy, it is the union with the Supreme being through Moksha. The world literally means “blowing out” – referring, in the Buddhist context, to the blowing out of the fires of greed, hatred, and delusion.

18. 7. [Line 5, Para.8, P208] Ajanta Caves阿旃陀石窟 阿旃陀石窟位于印度马哈拉斯特拉邦北部文达雅山的悬崖上，西距奥兰加巴德106公里。石窟环布在新月形的山腰陡崖上，高低错落，绵延550多米，以壮丽的建筑、精美的雕刻和壁画，与泰姬陵并称为印度的双壁。阿旃陀石窟是印度古代佛教徒作为佛殿、僧房而开凿的，距今已有2000多年的历史。“阿旃陀”一词源于梵语“阿谨提那”，意为“无想”。全部石窟29座，从建筑形式上基本分为支提与毗诃罗两类。它虽然取材于佛的生平事迹，但却如实地反映了当时印度古代宫廷生活和社会风貌。壁画和雕刻的优秀艺术，不仅对后来印度的美术产生了巨大作用，而且对东方佛教所曾传布的国家和地区也产生了深远影响。

20. Text Structure

21. 1. [Para.1] Introduction: crisis--calling for action; 2. [Para.2—Para.4] Presentation of the Problems--Current situations; 3. [Para.5—Para.7] Analysis—Reasons; 4. [Para. 8—Para.9] Actions; 5. [Last paragraph] Conclusion—Repetition of Thaker’s attitude.

22. [Para.2—Para.4] Presentation of the Problems--Current situations: Para.2: Current situation—lacking money to preserve the historical sites; Para.3: the problems existed in the historical sites of northern, southern, and western India; Para.4: the worst situation occurred in eastern India.

23. [Para.5—Para.7] Analysis—reasons: • Para.5: Introduction of Thakur’s career; • Para.6: Political reason—preservation is often made complicated by politics; • Para.7: Main reasons: lacking qualified manpower and financial resources; disagreements among government departments and inefficiency.

24. [Para. 8—Para.9] Actions Para.8:though difficult, India government starts to implement new policy; Para.9:hope for future.

25. Sentence Study

26. 1. the country’s main heritage body, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), is so constrained financially that it limits its care to just 3,653 buildings, and, even for these, worries remain. (Para. 2-line 10) Notes: ①ASI: 印度考古调查队 ② Constrain: vt. 驱使；强迫；束缚

27. Paraphrase: The country’s main heritage organization, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), has so limited money that it can manage to provide protection for only 3,653 buildings, and, even for these buildings, there are still problems. Translation: • 国家主要遗产组织，印度考古调查队的资金如此有限以至于他们只能保护3653座建筑。然而，对这些建筑的保护上也仍然有问题存在。

28. 2. Hidden away in this unlikely domestic setting, it’s a splendid archeological curiosity, one of the first tombs to fuse Persian and Mughal style in a way that prefigured the design of the Tah Mahal a century later. (para.1—line3 ) Notes: ①fuse: vt. 使融合；使熔化，使熔融 ② Persian and Mughal波斯和莫卧儿 Eg. Taj Mahal mausoleum was built by the Mughal in the 17th century. 泰姬陵是由17世纪时印度的莫卧儿王朝建造的。 ③ prefigure: predict, forecast. vt. 预示；预想

29. Paraphrase: The brick tomb, which is mixed together with this family living surroundings, is a very great archeological site and one of the first tombs to combine Persian and Mughal styles which contributed to the design of the Taj Mahal a century later. • Translation: 这个砖墓与家庭生活的环境相混合,是一个非常大的考古地点，也是最早将波斯和莫卧儿王朝风格相结合的坟墓之一，并预示了一个世纪之后泰姬陵的设计。

30. 3. A swath of hotels and shops encroach on the temple complex, and policy say looters have stolen hundreds of artifacts, an allegation that temple manager Kallicharan Yadav dismisses as “baseless”. (para. 4) Notes: ① a swath of : a large strip or area of. eg. A swath of hair/sunlight ② encroach vi. 侵占；蚕食；侵蚀 vt. 侵犯 ③ allegation: n. 主张，断言；辩解

31. Paraphrase: A long strip of hotels and shops occupy the temple buildings, and police say robbers have stolen hundreds of artificial articles, an accusation which the temple manage Kallicharan Yadav denies by saying it lacks evidence. • Translation: 大面积的宾馆和商店占据了寺庙建筑，警方说强盗盗取了大量的人造物件，寺庙经理否认了该说法，认为这是没有依据的。

32. Notes： • ① Hamper: vt. 妨碍；束缚 • eg. The army‘s advance was hampered by bad weather. 部队的推进因天气不好而受阻。 • ② bureaucratic: adj. 官僚的；官僚政治的 • Paraphrase: • But she also complains that the government organizations argue back and • forth and dispute over responsibility, which has delayed cooperation between these • organization. • 翻译： • 但是她也抱怨说政府官僚的迂回战和低效率已经阻碍了这些组织的联合。 • 4. But she also complains that turf wars and bureaucratic inefficiency have hampered coordination of efforts. (Para. 7)

33. 5. ASI director general Rajeev admits that the poor skills of the manual laborers he employs have led to some insensitive restorations, such as in Hampi, where stone and concrete buttresses now all but obscure several temples.(para.7) Notes: ① Hampi : It is a village in northern Karnataka state, India. It is located within the ruins of Vijayanagara, the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. It is an important religious centre, housing the Virupaksha Temple, as well as several other monuments belonging to the old city.

34. Paraphrase: ASI director general Rajeev admits that because of the worker’s poor skills, the restoration work is not well-done, such as in Hampi, where stone and concrete supporting materials almost make several temples hardly visible. • Translation: ASI总经理Rajeev承认，由于他所聘请的工人技术水平低下，导致重建工作不尽人意，例如在Hampi,石头和混凝土桥墩几乎让人看不清好几个寺庙。

36. 2. Prefigure:( Para. 1,line 5)to represent or be a sign of (sth. that will come later); predict, forecast;预示，预兆 • The painting of Paul Cezanne prefigured the rise of cubism in the early 20th century. • 保罗·塞尚的绘画预示了20世纪初立体主义的兴起。 • 加州受到的打击预示了华尔街后来的结局。 • California's losses prefigured the later fallout on Wall Street.

37. 2.Assault (para.1,line 6),n.v.攻击, 猛袭, 突袭;（向困难或危险事物发起的）冲击 ; 抨击 • make a surprise assault on对...进行突然袭击 • beat back the enemy assault打退敌人的袭击 • He was assaulted by a dog from his back. • 他受到了背后一只狗的袭击。

38. 3. Irreparably ( Para. 2) too worse or too seriously to repair or put right 不能修复的;不可弥补的 • Her death is an irreparable loss to the firm. • 她的去世对公司是不可弥补的损失。 • to an irreparable degree到了不可弥补的程度 • irreparable harm;无法挽回的损害 • an irreparable mistake; • 无法挽回的错误 ； • 尽管地震对中国造成了不可挽回的惨重破坏，但是5.12 事件充分反映出了我们人类真正的美德和团结。 • Although the earthquake has caused irreparably catastrophic damage to China, 5.12 incidents reflected the true virtue and unification of our human beings.

39. 4.Constrain( Para. 2，line 11) hold back, restrict 限制；强迫；约束 • what seems certain is that they will constrain the future profitability of the banking sector. • 有一点似乎可以肯定：它们将限制银行未来的盈利能力。 • She tried to constrain herself from a cough in class. • 上课时她竭力忍住不咳嗽。

40. In such exchange there is nothing to constrain the parties from taking advantage of each other. • 在这种交易中没有什么约束双方相互利用。 • constrain the economic development • 制约经济发展

41. 5.Obscure (para.3,line 1)不出名的; 不重要的；模糊不清的;费解的/ v.使…模糊不清; 掩盖(para.7) • There are many minor and obscure poets in the age of Elizabeth. • 伊丽莎白时代有许多不知名的诗人。 • an obscure family, 卑微的家庭 • The point of his speech is obscure. • 他发言的要点模糊不清。

42. Her poor English obscured her meaning. • 她的英语差, 难以表达自己的意思。 • My view was obscured by the trees. • 我的视线被树挡住了。

43. 6.. fare( Para 4,line1). to get on/along进展; 遭遇; n 票，票价 • I think I fared quite well in the interview. • 我觉得我这次面试情况不错。 • Iceland’s economy continued to fare poorly, shrinking by 5.7% in the third quarter compared with the preceding three months. • 冰岛经济持续表现不佳，与第二季度相比， 第三季度经济下滑了5.7%

44. 7. Encroach( Para. 4，line 4) 侵占；蚕食；侵蚀/ 侵犯 • His new farm buildings encroach on his neighbor‘s land. • 他新建的农场房子侵占了邻居的田地。 • 她没有权利占用我的时间 • She has no right to encroach on my time. • encroach on [upon] the territory of a neighboring country 侵略邻国的领土 • encroach on the interests of the people触犯人民的利益

45. 8.Concede 承认,出让, 容许 • refuse to concede defeat 不服输 • I am not about to concede the point. • 我一点也不认同这个观点 • You must concede that I have tried my best • 你必须承认我已经尽力了。 • We cannot concede any of our territory . • 我们决不能放弃１寸国土。

46. 8.Stumble (upon/on/over) V. ( Para. 5,line 7 ) ① to catch the foot on the ground while moving along and start to fall; ② stumble (at): to stop and /or make mistakes in speaking or reading aloud; ③ do sth. wrong, as a mistake or moral fault; • He stumbled and fell. • He stumbled on a stone. • She stumbled at/over the long word. • She stumbled and stopped reading. • Any man may stumble into crime when among criminals.

47. 9.Chronicle( Para. 5,line 6)编年史， 记录;记录， 把…载入编年史 • Before the 15th century most history students just wanted to chronicle events rather than make judgments about them. • Chronicle of Higher Education is a news source for college and university faculty members and administrators. • 高等教育记事是给学院和大学教职员和管理者的新闻资源。

48. 10.entangle(para.6,line9)使某人(某物/自己)缠绕,纠缠于(某物中);使某人(自己)陷入(困难或复杂的环境中)10.entangle(para.6,line9)使某人(某物/自己)缠绕,纠缠于(某物中);使某人(自己)陷入(困难或复杂的环境中) • Sara had got entangled with some political group. • 萨拉与某一政治团体有牵连。 • Some military observers fear the US could get entangled in another war. • 一些军事观察家担心美国会卷入另一场战争。

49. 11.hamper( Para. 7,line 8) 妨碍, 束缚, 限制 • Prejudice sometimes hampers a person from doing the right thing. • 有时候, 偏见会妨碍人正确行事。 • The search was hampered by terrible weather conditions. • 恶劣的天气妨碍了搜寻工作。

50. 12 implement (para.8） 执行，履行；贯彻，落实；实现，完成，履行 • implement policy 执行政策 • We must implement the plan. • 我们必须实施这个计划。 • Before you implement your plans, you must have a profound knowledge of markets there. • 在你实施计划之前.你必须深入了解那里的市场. • The State Council decided to implement it in institutional units by three steps.国务院会议决定事业单位绩效工资分三步实施。