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Renewable Energy: Harnessing Natural Sources for Sustainable Power Generation

Renewable energy, derived from sources like sunlight, wind, and geothermal heat, is crucial for a sustainable future. Hydroelectricity, wind, solar, and biomass contribute significantly to global energy production. Nations like Brazil and the USA are embracing renewable energy programs, with wind power growing rapidly. Geothermal and solar power installations are making strides globally. Small-scale renewable projects also empower remote communities. Explore the potential of wind farms, hydropower, and solar energy for clean and efficient electricity generation.

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Renewable Energy: Harnessing Natural Sources for Sustainable Power Generation

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  1. Renewable energy

  2. RenewableenergyisenergyWhichcomesfromnaturalresourcessuchasSunlight , wind , rain , Tides , andgeothermalheat , Whicharerenewable (naturallyreplenished). 1 ] Theshare of renewablesinelectricitygenerationisaround 18%, with 15% of globalelectricitycomingfromhydroelectricityand 3.4% fromnewrenewables. In 2006, about 18% of globalfinalenergyconsumptioncamefromrenewables, with 13% comingfromtraditionalbiomass , Whichisusedmainlyforheating , and 3% fromhydroelectricity . New renewables (Smallhydro, modernbiomass, wind, solar, geothermal , andbiofuels) accountedfor 2.4% Anotherandaregrowingveryrapidly. [1] TheShare of renewablesinElectricitygenerationisaround 18%, with 15% of globalElectricitycomingfromhydroelectricityand 3.4% fromnewrenewables. [1] 2 ] [ 3 ] andiswidelyusedinEurope , Asia, andtheUnited States . [ 4 ] Theannualmanufacturingoutput of thephotovoltaicsindustryreached 6,900 MW in 2008, [ 5 ] andphotovoltaic (PV) powerstationsarepopularinGermanyandSpain . [ 6 ] Solarthermalpowerstationsoperateinthe USA andSpain, andthelargest of theseisthe 354 MW SEGS powerplantintheMojaveDesert . [ 7 ]

  3. Theworld'slargestgeothermalpowerinstallationisTheGeysersinCalifornia, with a ratedcapacity of 750 MW. [ 8 ] Brazilhasone of thelargestrenewableenergyprogramsintheworld, involvingproduction of ethanolfuelfromsugarcane, andethanolnowprovides 18% of thecountry'sautomotivefuel. [ 9 ] Ethanolfuelisalsowidelyavailableinthe USA. WindpowergrowingisattheRate of 30% annually, with a Worldwide InstalledCapacity of 157.900 megawatts (MW) in 2009, [2] [3] andiswidelyusedinEurope , Asia , andtheUnited States . [4] TheAnnualoutput of manufacturingthephotovoltaicsindustryreached 6,900 MW in 2008, [5] andphotovoltaic (PV) powerstationsarepopularinGermanyandSpain . [6] Solarthermalpowerstationsinthe USA OperateandSpain, andthelargest of theseisthe 354 MW SEGS powerplantintheMojaveDesert . [seventh] Theworld'slargestgeothermalpowerInstallationisTheGeysersinCalifornia, with a RatedCapacity of 750 MW. [8] Brazilhasone of thelargestrenewableenergyprogramsintheworld, involvingProduction of ethanolfuelfromsugarCane, andethanolnowprovides 18% of theCountry'sautomotivefuel. [9] ethanolfueliswidelyavailableAlsointhe USA. 10 ] Kenyahastheworld'shighesthouseholdsolarownershipratewithroughly 30,000 small (20–100 watt) solarpowersystemssoldperyear. [ 11 ] WhileMostrenewableenergyProjectsandProductionislarge-scale, renewabletechnologiesareAlsosuited to Smalloff-grid Applications , sometimesinRurul andremoteAreas, WHERE energyisoftencrucialinhumanDevelopment. [10] Kenyahastheworld'sHighesthouseholdsolarRateownershipwithroughly 30,000 Small (20-100 watt) solarpowersystemssoldperyear. [11]

  4. Wind power • Alsosee: Windpower , Windfarm , andWindpowerintheUnited States CanAirflows BE used to runwindturbines . 14 ] Areaswherewindsarestrongerandmoreconstant, suchasoffshoreandhighaltitudesites, arepreferredlocationsforwindfarms. Modernwindturbinesrangefromaround 600 kW to 5 MW of ratedpower, althoughturbineswithratedoutput of 1.5-3 MW havebecomethemostcommonforcommercialuse; thepoweroutput of a turbineis a function of thecube of thewindspeed , SO Speedaswindincreases, poweroutputincreasesdramatically. [14] Areas WHERE windsarestrongerandMoreConstant, suchasoffshoreandhighAltitudesites, arePreferredlocationsforwindfarms. 15 ] [ 16 ] TypicalCapacityFactorsare 20-40%, withvaluesattheupperend of therangeinparticularlyfavourablesites. [15] [16] Globally, thelong-termtechnicalpotential of windenergyisbelieved to befivetimestotalcurrentglobalenergyproduction, or 40 timescurrentelectricitydemand. Thiscouldrequirelargeamounts of land to beusedforwindturbines, particularlyinareas of higherwindresources. 17 ] Thisnumbercouldalsoincreasewithhigheraltitudeground-basedorairbornewindturbines . [ 18] Offshoreresourcesexperiencemeanwindspeeds of ~ 90% GreaterThanThat of land, SO offshoreresourcessubstantiallyCouldContributeMoreenergy. [17] ThisnumberCouldAlsoIncreasewithHigherAltitudeground-BasedOrairbornewindturbines . [18] PowerwindisrenewableandproducesNogreenhousegasesDuringOperation, suchasdioxidecarbonandmethane .

  5. Hydropower Hydropower • Energy inwatercanbeharnessedandused. 19 ] [ 20 ] even a slowflowingstream of water, ormoderateseaswell , canyieldconsiderableamounts of energy. Sincewaterisabout 800 timesdenserThanAir , [19] [20] Even a Slowflowingstream of water, OrSeaModerateswell , Canyieldconsiderableamounts of energy. Therearemanyforms of waterenergy:

  6. Solar energy • SolarenergyistheenergyderivedfromthesunThroughtheForm of solarradiation . SolarPoweredelectricalgenerationreliesonphotovoltaicsandheatengines. A partiallist of Other Applications includessolarheatingandcoolingSpaceThroughsolararchitecture, daylighting , solarhotwater , solarcooking , andhighheatTemperatureProcessforIndustrialpurposes. SolartechnologiesarebroadlycharacterizedaseitherpassivesolarOrsolaractivedependingonthewaytheycapture, convertanddistributesolarenergy. SolaractiveTechniquesincludetheUse of Panelsphotovoltaicandsolarthermalcollectors to Harnesstheenergy. PassivesolarTechniquesincludeorienting a Building to theSun, selectingfavorableMaterialswiththermalmassdispersingOrLightProperties, anddesigningSpacesThatnaturallycirculateAir.

  7. Biomass • Biomass (plantMaterial) is a renewableenergysourcetheenergyBecauseitcomesfromContainsthesun. ThroughtheProcess of photosynthesis , plantscapturethesun'senergy. Whentheplantsareburned, theyreleasethesun'senergytheycontain. Inthisway, biomassfunctionsas a sort of naturalbatteryforstoringsolarenergy. 21 ] AsLongasbiomassisproducedsustainably, withonlyusedasMuchasisgrown, thebatteryWillLastIndefinitely. [21] Ingeneraltherearetwomainapproaches to usingplantsforenergyproduction: growingplantsspecificallyforenergyuse, andusingtheresiduesfromplantsthatareusedforotherthings. 21 ] Varythebestapproachesfromregion to regionaccording to climate, soilsandgeography. [21]

  8. Biofuel • LiquidBiofuelisusuallyeitherbioalcoholsuchasbioethanolOranoilsuchasbiodiesel. Bioethanolisanalcoholmadebyfermentingthesugarplant of ComponentsandMaterialsMostlyitismadefromsugarandStarchcrops. Withadvancedtechnologybeingdeveloped, cellulosicbiomass, suchastreesandgrasses, arealsousedasfeedstocksforethanolproduction. Can BE ethanolusedas a fuelforvehiclesinitspureForm, BUT itisusuallyusedas a gasolineadditive to IncreaseoctaneandimproveVehicle EMISSIONS. Bioethanolisusedwidelyinthe USA andinBrazil . Biodieselismadefromvegetableoils , animalfatsOrrecycledgreases. Biodieselcanbeusedas a fuelforvehiclesinitspureform, butitisusuallyusedas a dieseladditive to reducelevels of particulates, carbonmonoxide, andhydrocarbonsfromdiesel-poweredvehicles. BiodieselisproducedfromoilsOrfatsusingtransesterificationandistheMostcommonBiofuelinEurope. 22 ] Biofuelsprovided 1.8% of theworld'stransportfuelin 2008. [22]

  9. Geothermal energy • Geothermalenergyisenergyobtainedbytappingtheheat of theearthitself, bothfromkilometersdeepIntotheEarth'scrustinSomeplaces of theglobefromOrSomemetersingeothermalheatpumpinAlltheplaces of theplanet. Itisexpensive to build a powerstationbutoperatingcostsarelowresultinginlowenergycostsforsuitablesites. Ultimately, thisenergyderivesfromheatintheEarth 'S core. Threetypes of powerplantsareused to generatepowerfromgeothermalenergy: drysteam, flash, andbinary. Drysteamplantstakesteamout of fracturesinthegroundanduseit to directlydrive a turbinethatspins a generator. Flashplantstakehotwater, usuallyattemperaturesover 200 ° C, out of theground, andallowsit to boilasitrises to thesurfacethenseparatesthesteamphaseinsteam / waterseparatorsandthenrunsthesteamthrough a turbine. Inbinaryplants, thehotwaterflowsthroughheatexchangers, boilinganorganicfluidthatspinstheturbine. Thecondensedsteamandremaininggeothermalfluidfromallthreetypes of plantsareinjectedbackintothehotrock to pickupmoreheat.

  10. Wind power market • Attheend of 2009, Worldwide windfarmCapacitywas 157.900 MW, representingan 31 PERCENT of IncreaseDuringtheyear, [2] andwindpowersupplied 1.3% Some of ElectricityConsumptionglobal. [28] Windpowerforapproximatelyaccounts 19% of ElectricityUseinDenmark , 9% inSpainandPortugal , and 6% inGermanyandthe Republic of Ireland. [29] TheUnited States isan IMPORTANT growthareaandwindpowerInstalledCapacity US reached 25.170 MW attheend of 2008. [ 30] As of September 2009, theRoscoeWindFarm (781 MW) istheworld'slargestwindfarm. [31] As of 2009, the 209 megawatt (MW) 2 HornsRevwindfarminDenmarkistheworld'slargestoffshorewindfarm. 32 ] TheUnitedKingdomistheworld'sleadingoffshorewindGenerator of power, followedbyDenmark. [32]

  11. Thegeothermalenergyfromthecore of theEarthiscloser to thesurfaceinsomeareasthaninothers. Wherehotundergroundsteamorwatercanbetappedandbrought to thesurfaceitmaybeused to generateelectricity. SuchgeothermalpowersourcesexistingeologicallyunstableCertainparts of theworldsuchasChile , Iceland , New Zealand, United States, thePhilippinesandItaly. ThetwoProMinentMostAreasforthisintheUnited States areintheYellowstonebasinandinNorthernCalifornia . Icelandproduced 170 MW geothermalpowerandheated 86% of allhousesintheyear 2000 throughgeothermalenergy. Some 8000 MW of capacityisoperationalintotal. ThereisAlsothePotential to generategeothermalenergyfromhotdryrocks . Holesatleast 3 kmdeeparedrilledintotheearth. Some of theseholespumpwaterintotheearth, whileotherholespumphotwaterout. Theheatresourceconsists of hotundergroundradiogenicgraniterocks, whichheatupwhenthereisenoughsedimentbetweentherockandtheearthssurface. SeveralcompaniesinAustraliaareexploringthistechnology.

  12. Done by: • Lilia Atanasova • Elizabet Aleksova

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