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ELEMENTS – Greek theory of physical world. All earthly objects are a mixture of:

ELEMENTS – Greek theory of physical world. All earthly objects are a mixture of: EARTH (bottom – center of universe) WATER (water covers earth) AIR (air over water) FIRE (highest – at top)

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ELEMENTS – Greek theory of physical world. All earthly objects are a mixture of:

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  1. ELEMENTS – Greek theory of physical world. All earthly objects are a mixture of: EARTH (bottom – center of universe) WATER (water covers earth) AIR (air over water) FIRE (highest – at top) Ether = QUINTESSENCE (Latin) – substance whose natural motion is that most symmetrical and eternal of all conceivable motion = endless circles

  2. ATOMIMC STRUCTURE • ATOMS – not ‘indivisible’ particles of Democritus and Dalton, but have electrons, protons, and neutrons. • Solar system model – central core (nucleus) with orbiting models • Scale • Atomic (Proton) Number = to the number of protons in nucleus. This number determines chemical species. • Ion – atom with net electrical charge due to loss/gain of one or more electrons • Isotopes – same atomic number, but different number of neutrons

  3. ELEMENTS & THE PERIODIC TABLE • Alchemy – develop substance to restore youth; turn base metal into gold • Origin of some chemical symbols (Latin) →

  4. ELEMENTS – 92 natural elements MOLECULES – collection of atoms held by chemical bond ex. H20 – water – 3 atoms C6H12O6 – glucose – 24 atoms C2H5OH – alcohol – 9 atoms Chemical Bonding – involves electrons • Ionic – transfer of electrons ex. NaCl (salt) : Na (ignites in air) Cl (poison gas) extra Na electron fills in outer Cl shell B. Covalent – mutual sharing of electrons ex. H20 electrons most of the time of O leaving the two hydrogens positive.

  5. States of Matter • Solid – definite shape, atoms locked into position, most have regular pattern. • Liquid – atoms packed tightly but not as tight as to prohibit movement; has surface. • Gas – large distances between atoms/molecules • Plasma – completely ionized gas ‘Atomic Theory’ – explains many things ex. Odors and evaporation

  6. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) • Greek philosopher, educator, scientist • Student of Plato

  7. Antiparticles and Antimatter Electron - Positron Pair (1932) Proton - Antiproton (same mass, opposite charge) 2 8 Creation vs Annihilation E = mc (c = speed of light : 3 x 10 m/s)

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