@)#! ; fnsf ] ltJjtL vDkf lgz:qLs /0f cleofg

1. @)#! ;fnsf] ltJjtLvDkflgz:qLs/0f cleofg —k]|dl;+x a:Goft, PhD • basnyatp@hotmail.com

2. t:jL/df s]xLemnsx?

15. l;dLttf • of] k|:t'tLs/0f g]kfnL >f]tdfcfwfl/t 5 . • k|:t'tLs/0fdf pNn]v ul/g] egfO{n] Oltxf;nfO{ lhjfGtagfpg] dfqxf] . ltJjtL z/0ffyL{ nufotnfO{ cgfbf/ ul/g] xf]Og . • k|:t'tLs/0fsf] ;a} cf+s8f / laj/0f k|:tf]tfsf] OR5faf6 vf]lhPsfx'g\ . cGo ;+3 ;+:yfo;dfhjfkmb]xLx'g] 5}gg\ .

16. k|:t'lts/0fsf] >f]t

17. s] xf] vDkf sf08 < ltJatsfbnfO{ nfdfefu]/ ef/t uPkl5 la=;+= @)@* -;g\ !*&!_ lt/ ltAatdflrlgof+ sf/jfxLcem} a9\g uof] / ;f+:s[ltsqmflGtsf la/f]wL s]xLvDkfx? ltAataf6 efuL g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]u lxdfnL ;Ldfgf;+u hf]l8Psf lhNnfdfcfO a:g yfn] . pgLx?n] g]kfndfa;LltAatLsf] kIfdf :jtGqultlalw ;+~rfngug{ ;'? u/] . of] sfo{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o gLltcg's"ngePsf] x'+bf g]kfnn] tLvDkfx?nfO{ ;}lgssf/jfxLubf{ s]xLJolQm d/], s]xLJolQmefu], s]xLJolQmn] xftxltof/;lxtcfTd;dk{0f u/] . o;}nfO{ vDkfsf08sf] gfdn] lrlgG5 .

18. g]kfndfvDkfkmf}h ;+ul7t x'g'sf] k[i7e"ld Nxf;fsf] ljG6/ Kofn]; cyf{t kf]tfnf b/af/d'lGt/sf] ;/sf/L 5fkfvfgfdf a;]sf] a}7sn] ltAat :jtGq b]z ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub}{ lrlgof+x?nfO{ tTsfnltAat 5f]8\g pbL{ hf/L u/\of] . tgfj a9\b} hf+bf !^ dfr{ !(%( df s]xLcg'ofoL;lxtbnfO{ nfdfl;kfxLsf] e]ifdfltAat 5f]8]/ ef/t z/0f lngk'u] . la8Dagf ltAatsf] Tof] tgfj g]kfn / g]kfnLn] eg] To;kl5sf !$ aif{;DdvDkflab|f]xsf ?kdfem]Ng'k¥of] .

19. g]kfndfvDkfkmf}h ;+ul7t x'g'sf] k[i7e"ld tfKn]h'ªb]lvbfr'{nf;Dd rLgla?4 rnfPsf] c;kmn ;+3if{ lyof] —vDkflab|f]x . cd]l/sf / ef/tsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflntlab|f]x bjfpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ c;lhnf] k/]sf] lyof] . cd]l/sLu'Ktr/ ;+:yf ;LcfOPn] $) aif{kl5 ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] cfkm\gf] u'Kt of]hgfsf] ;+If]knfO{ p4[t ub]{ !% ;]K6]Da/ !((* sf] n; PGhN; 6fO{D;df n]lvPcg';f/ g]kfn k7fOPsf ltAatLu'l/Nnfx?nfO{ tflndlbgsf]nf]/f8f] /fHodf ;LcfOPn] ltAatLogxfpg g} agfPsf] lyof] . ;g !(%& af6} ;'? ePsf] of] l;nl;nf emG8} Ps bzs;DdrNof] .

20. ;xof]u cd]l/sLu'Ktrt/ ;+:yf ;LcfO{Pn] cGovDkflab|f]xLnfO{ tflndlbgef/tLou'Ktr/ ;+:yfx? OG6]lnh]G; Jo'/f] -cfO{jL_ / kl5 …/Ú ;+u ldn]/ ef/t, b]x/fb'gsf] rqmftfeGg] :yfgdfklg ……:6flAn;d]G6 @@Æ k|lzIf0f lzlj/ ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . bnfO{ nfdf / g]kfndfkl/rflntvDkfx?nfO{ tflnd / xftxltof/sfcnfjfcGovr{sfnflu ;LcfOPn] x/]s aif{ !& nfvcd]l/sL 8n/ lbg] u/]sf] lyof] . h'g ;xof]u ;g\ !(&@ df l/r8{ lgS;gcd]l/sL /fi6«klt ag]kl5 aGbul/of] .

21. ;xof]u=== vDkf n8fs'x?sf] g]kfnk|j]z ;g\ !(^) sf] cGTolt/ ePsf] a'lemG5 . klxnf] d'VovDkf sdf08/ u] lx:;L lyP . ef/tsf] /S;f}n gfsfaf6 g]kfnlelqgnfu]sf lx:;L;lxtsfsl/j @ ;o vDkfnfO{ aL/uGhsftTsfnLg a8fxflsd k"0f{l;+x vjf;n] ;]gf / k|x/L4f/f lgoGq0fdf lnPsflyP . t/, tTsfnLg g]kfnLsf+u]|; ;/sf/sf u[xdGqL ;'o{k|;fbpkfWofosf] cfb]zadf]lhdpgLx?nfO{ l/xful/of] . pkfWofon] ef/tsf] cfu|xdf g]kfnk|a]zdf 5'6 lbPsfn] ltAatL z/0ffyL{sf] cf]O/f] nfu]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(^! ;Dd t tLtflndk|fKtlab|f]xLx? g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]udf k"0f{ ?kdf km}lnO;s]sflyP .

22. ;xof]u=== ;'?dfvDkflab|f]xLx?sf] ;+Vofsl/j @ xhf/ /x] klgTo;sf] b'O{ tLgaif{d} Tof] a9]/ sl/a !) xhf/ k'u]sf] lyof] . tLvDkfx?sfnflucfjZoscTofw'lgsxltof/, vfBfGg ;fdu|L, ;LcfOP / …/Ú n] oyf:yfgd} k'¥ofp+y] . tL ;fdfu|Lx? vf;u/L d':tfªsf] of/km', 6f+u]e' / k"j{sfcfnfªr'ªuf]nfsf] ofªdfv;flnGy] . o; cltl/Qmxltof/ 9'jfgLsf nflu ;LcfO{Pn] /fhwfgLsf] :o'rf6f/ / /;'jfsf] yfDa'r]tdfcnUu} ladfg:yn;d]t agfPsf] lyof] . oL If]qdfxltof/ cf];fg{sfnflu yfONofG8sf] Jofª\ssl:ytcd]l/sL ;}Go cv8faf6 leotgfd o'4tfsf ;LcfO{Pn] hf;';Lk|of]hgsfnflu :yfkgf u/]sf] Po/ cd]l/sfsfladfgx? kl/rfngul/Gy] .

23. ef/t / cd]l/sLefjgf rLg —ef/t o'4 -;g\ !(^@_ dfef/tsf] xf/ ePb]lvg} ef/tn] ltAatLx?nfO{ rLgla?4 k|of]u ug{ d2t ul//x]sf] lyof] eg] ;f]leot ;+3sf] a9\bf] zlQmaf6 ql;tsDo'lgHd 5fnnfO{ /f]Sg] k|of;nfO{ afwfug]{ p2]Zon], ;g\ !(&! af6 cd]l/sfn] klg rLgla?4 k|of]u ug{ vDkfnfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ lyof] .

24. g]kfndfcft+s vDkfx?n] g]kfnLe"lddfklgHofbtLub}{ lyP . cfw'lgsxltof/n] ;';lHhtvDkfx? pQ/L ;Ldfdfcjl:yt g]kfnLclwsf/Lsfsfof{nodfcfP/ laleGgpbL{ hf/L uy]{ / To; a]nfsfk|zf;sx? pgLx?sf] cfb]z sfof{Gjogug{ afWox'Gy] . x'+bfx'+bf rLgla?4 ;+3if{/t vDkfx?n] pQ/L ;Ldfdf /x]sf g]kfnsflhNnf;d]t cfkm\gf] /x]sf] bfjLug{ yfn] . tL If]qdfcfkm\gf em08fsf ;fy} /fi6«kltsf ?kdfbnfO{ nfdfsf] tl:a/ em'08\ofp+y] . oltx'+bfx'+b} klg :yfgLo ;/sf/ eg] df}g a;]sf] lyof] .

25. vDkfx?sflqmofsnfkaf/] rLg / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;Demf}tf • lgjf{l;tltAatLx? a]nf a]nfdfltAatLe"lddfhfg] / Toxfsfrf}/L, ofs / e]8f dfg]{, vfg], n'6kf6 dRrfp+g], k;nhnfpg], dflg; dfg]{,anfTsf/ug]{ cflbsfo{kmf6\6km'6\6ul//x]sflyP . To;avtrLg ;/sf/n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ kqfrf/ u¥of] . b'a} ;/sf/aLrvDkf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfgug]{ ;Demf}tfeof] . ;Demf}tfdflgDglnlvt s'/fx? ;dfa]z ul/Psf] a'lemPsf] 5 M • l;dfgfdf /x]sf] vDkfx?nfO{ sf/jfxLug{ rLgnfO{ g]kfnk|a]z ug{ lbg] jfglbg] < • g]kfnn] g} vDkflgd"{n kfg]{ ePcfjZos ;xof]u rLg ;/sf/n] k|bfgug]{

26. vDkfx?sflqmofsnfkaf/] rLg / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;Demf}tf of] ;Demf}tf ePkl5 >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] of]hgf / tTsfnLgk|wfg;]gfklt >L l;+xaxfb'/ a:Goftsf] cfb]zadf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 vj/ ;+sng -l/sg;]G;_ ug{ t'?Gt} Pp6f …l/sg;]G; l6dÚ d':tfªtkm{ lx8\of] . ;f] l6ddf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] tkm{af6 tTsfnLg k|=;]=-kl5 k|wfg;]gfklt_ >L ;lTrtzD;]/ h=a=/f=sf ;fycGob'O{ clws[t s];fªtkm{ d'eePsf] lyof] . pQm 6f]nLn] vDkfSofDkx?sf] ultlalwa'em]/ k|lta]bg k]z u/]sf] lyof] .

27. k|ltj]bgsfdf]6fdf]6L a'+bfx? • vDkflxdfn gf3]/ ltAataf6 cfO{ laleGg :yfgdfsl/j ( xhf/ hlt a;]sf . • pgLx?;+uk|z:txltof/,uf]nLu7\7f/PS:Knf]l;ex?ePsf] . • pgLx?sf] d'Vo x]8Sjf6/ lgnlu/L lxdfnsf] km]bLdf s];fª SofDk /x]sf] . • u]—jfªbLgfd u/]sf] JolQmvDkfsf] d'Vo g]tf -ln8/_ ePsf] . • cGovDkfSofDkMsfua]gL, l7gL, 5';fª, ;d/ lwlnª, wdL, ;fDbf, r/fª, tfªu]Eo', kfªuRof, dgfª, d'lQmgfycflb :yfgdfSofDk v8f u/L a;]sf . • pgLx?n] ltAat / g]kfnsflaleGg 7fp+df n'6kf6 dRofPsfn] hgtfHofb} ql;tePsf, cflb .

28. vDkfn] g]kfndfcfGbf]ngugf{sfsf/0fx? • d':tfª lhNnfcfkm\gf] sAhflng] / u'l/Nnf a]; agfO{ cft+sjfbaf6 rLgnfO{ xtf]T;flxtt'Nofpg] tyfrLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAatnfO{ k'gMcfkm\gf] sAhfdfkfg]{ . • g]kfnn] vDkfx?nfO{ lgz:qLs/0f u/fpg] sbdrfn]df g]kfnla?4 lab|f]x ug]{ . -kl5 g]kfnL ;]gfn] sf/jfxLub}{5 eGg] yfxfkfP/ :yfgLohgtfsf] egfOcg';f/ bnfO{ nfdfn] g]kfn;+u n8\g cfkm\gf] ;Daf]wg;lxt 6]k e/]/ vDkfx?nfO{ k7fPsf lyP . tfklgsltvDkfx?n] g]kfnL ;]gf;+u n8\g'eGbfcfTd;dk{0f ug'{ g} 7Ls 7fg]sflyP _

29. vDkf ck]|;g–d':tfª k|mG6 vDkflgz:qLs/0fsf nflu g]kfnL ;]gfsf] of]hgf • /fhfaL/]Gb|sf] kxntf / >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cfb]zaf6 d':tfªdfePsfvDkfx?nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ lgz:qLs/0f u/fO{ ltgLx?nfO{ kf]v/f cf;kf;dfNofpg] / pQm e]utkm{ hfglgif]w ug]{ cfb]z ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xLcg';f/ sfo{ ;Dkfgsf] lglDt s]xL kN6gnfO{ g]kfnL h+uLc8\8faf6 tof/ ug{sfnflu @)#! ;fn cfiff9 ! ut] kf]v/ftkm{ d'e u/fOof] . vDkflgz:qLs/0f ck/]zgdfsfdug{ d'Vo ?kdfefulng] o'lg6 >Lgfy u0f lyof] .

30. vDkf ck]|;g—d':tfª k|mG6=== • ;f] u0fsf] g]t[TjtTsfnLg n]lkm\6g]G6 s0f]{n >L ;lTrtzdz]/ h=a=/f=n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;f] u0f nufotpQm ck/]zgdfefulng] o'lg6 lgDgcg';f/ lyP M • – >L >Lgfy u0f -d'Vokmf}h_ – >L e}/jgfy u0f • – >L u0f]zbn u0f – >L OGb|Wjhu'Nd • – >L rGbggfyu'Nd – >L /fhbn u0f • – >L sfnLk|;fb u0f – >L kmi6 /}kmn u0f • – >L clx|bdgu'Nd

31. u]—jfªubLnfO{ xltof/ a'emfpgcfb]z s];fªdf o;/L laleGgkmf}hnfO{ t}gfyul/;s]kl5 vDkfsfgfOs] u]—jfªubLnfO{ xltof/ a'emfpg] / cfTd;dk{0f ug]{, olbgug]{ xf] eg] g]kfnL ;]gfsf/jfxLug{ tof/ 5' egLkq k7fPkl5 vDkfsfgfOs] u]—jfªubLn] xfdLxltof/ a'emfO{ cfGd;dk{0f ug{ tof/ 5f} egL kqaf6 hjfkmlbP . xltof/ a'emfpg] ldlt @)#! ;fn ;fpg % ut]af6 ;'? ug]{ elgPsf]dfvdkfx?n] g} yk ;do dfuL ;fpg !! ut] a'emfpg] lgwf] eof] . cem} klgvDkfn] ;do ykdfUof] / ;fpg !^ ut] /ftsf] @ h] ;a} xltof/ a'emfpg] dGh'/L eof] . xltof/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpgef/taf6 bnfO{ nfdfn] 6]k /]s8{ u/]/ cfb]z k7fPsf lyPeGg] klg a'lemG5 .

32. 3]/f / tnf;L @)#! ;fn >fj0f !& ut], s];fª SofDkvfgtnf;Lubf{ hldgd'lg ufl8 /flvPsflaleGgxltof/, PDo'lgzg a/fdb u/L hf]d;f]dl:yt g+= # aflxgLd'VofnodfNofO{ a'emfOof] . ef]lnkN6 ;Dk"0f{ ;]gf d'e eO{ 5';fª, / ;d/ SofDk s8{g / ;r{ sfo{ k"/f u¥of] . To;kl5 qmdzMlwlnª, wlddf ;r{ eof] / vDkf gfOs] u]—jfªubLnfO{ 3]/fdf kfg{ g;sL pDs] . To;kl5 aflxgLkltnfO{ k|lta]bg u/L s] ug]{ egLlgb]{zgdfUbfaflxgLkltn] gdfg]{, gy'Gg] eGg] cfb]z lbg'ePsf] a'lemof] . p;sf] SofDksf] xltof/, uf]nLu7\7f cfkm\gf] sAhfdf lnOof] . ;f]xL !& ut]s} a]n'sL ( ah] /flt k'gM u]—jfªubLnfO{ g5f]8\g] cfb]z eof] . t/ gfOs] u]—jfªubL s8{g PG8 ;r{ ug'{cl3 g} efUg ;kmn eO;s]sfn] csf]{ ;d:of ylkof] .

33. ;fdfg a/fdb • @)#!;fn>fj0f!^ut]b]lvefb|@(ut];DdvDkfx?sf] vfgtnf;Lubf{ lgDgadf]lhdxltof/ tyf ;fdfgx? a/fdbePsf] lyof] M • /fOkmngfn ======================== %$# • a]|guggfn ========================= &% • :6]g uggfn ======================= #% • k]:tf]n gfn ========================== !^ • ^) ld=ld= df]6f{/ gfn ====== ===== * • %& ld=ld= cf/=l;=Pn=gfn======= & • ^) ld=ld= sf] ad yfg ========== #*% • %% ld=ld= sf] ad yfg ======== #@) • jfo/n]; ;]6 yfg ================= % • ;a} lsl;dsfuf]nLx? /fp08=== @,)@,#$(

34. vDkfgfOs] u]—jfªubL km/f/ vDkfgfOs] u]—jfªubLn] s];f+u SofDkdf a:g' pko'Qm 5}g eGg] 7fgL cfkm\gf] %)—^) hgfsf] hTyf;lxtxltof/ / nfvf}+ ?k}of+ lnP/ klZrdtkm{sf] 5fsf{ef]6, lkm08'kf;, ;]kmf]S;'08f], lgzfg, d'u', l;ldsf]6 of/L, l69\8/lnk'sf] af6f] x'+b} ef/tleq k:g] of]hgfagfO{ af6f] nfu] .

35. vDkf ck/]zg l6ªs/ k|mG6=== s};fªaf6 u]—jfªubLefu]kl5 g]kfnu~hdf /x]sf] >L g+= $ aflxgLcGtu{t ePsf] ck/]zg o'4sfo{ lgb]{zsaf6 jflg{ª c8{/ hf/L ePkl5 la=;+= @)#! efb| !% ut] ;'? P]= c;f]h !& ut] ;dfKtePsf] lyof] . g]kfnu~haf6 a}t8Ldf la|u]8 6\oflS6sn x]8Sjf6/ v8f u/L >L g++= $ aflxgLklt a[u]l8o/ hg/n >L cflbTozDz]/ h=a=/f=n] ck/]zg ;+rfngug'{eof] . of] ck/]zg ;+rfngug{sfnflu la=;+= @)#! efb| !( ut] kmi6 /}kmn u0f, clx|bdgu'Nd, rGbggfyu'Nd, Hjfnfbn u'Ndaf6 kmf}hx? kl/rfngul/of] . k|x/Lsfhjfg

36. vDkf ck/]zg l6ªs/ k|mG6=== • la=;+= @)#! efb| @! ut] kmf}hsf] t}gfyLlgDgcg';f/ lyof] M • sfjfdfnfdf #) hgf -g]kfnL ;]gf_ • l6ªs/ ufp+ !) hgf -g]kfnL ;]gf_ / s]xLk|x/Lsfhjfgx? • lnk' @) hgf -g]kfnL ;]gf_ • /f]Nkf !@ hgf g]kfnk|x/Lsfhjfg

37. lnk'sf] sf/jfxL la=;+=@)#! efb| @$ ut] lnk' e~Hofªsf] tnaf6 3f]8f, vRr8;lxtsf] vDkfx?sf] ;d"xcfO/x]sf] b]lvPsf] x'gfn] PDa';sf] tof/L ul/of] . ha vDkfx?sf] tftL -sf]nd_ PDa'; Onfsfdfk|a]z u¥of], pgLx?dflykmfo/ vf]lnof] . o; kmfo/dfjfªubL;lxt ^ hgfvDkfx? dfl/P / 3fOt] vDkfx? kqmfpul/P . o; kmfo/af6 s]xL 3f]8f tyf vRr8x? klgdfl/P . kmfo/ vf]Ng]lalQs} cufl8 a9L/x]sf] vDkfx?sf] kmf}hn] PDa';df k/]sf] yfxfkfP / ltgLx?n] klg ;fgftyf d2tL xltof/ -cf/=l;=Pn= / df]6{/_ af6 kmfo/ ug{ ;'? u/] .

38. lnk'sf] sf/jfxL lbge/ Jnlsª kmf}h / jLy8«n ul//x]sf] vDkfx?sfaLr bf]xf]/f] kmfo/ eof] . a]n'sLkvvDkfx?n] kmfo/ PG8 d'eub}{ Jnlsª Onfsf lnk'af6 k5fl8 x6L lrlgof+ e"ldx'+b} ef/t k|a]z u¥of] . 36gfsf] csf]{ lbg 36gf:yn j/k/ vf]htnf; sf/jfxL ;~rfngul/of], h;af6 s]xLgub, d'tL{, un}rf, xltof/ tyf s]xLuf]nL u7\7fx? k|fKteof] .

39. l6ªs/ ck/]zgsf] bf}/fg a/fdbul/Psfxltof/ tyfPDo'lgzg • :jrflnt /fOkmn 6]ln:sf]k;lxtgfn ============ ^ • :jrflnt /fOkmnsf] /fp08 uf]6f ================= $@*! • a]|guggfn ============================================== $ • a]|gugDoflUhguf]6f ================================ ! • %& ld=ld= cf/=l;=Pn= uggfn ================== ! • xfO{kfj/ k]:tf]n gfn ================================ # • u[g]8 uf]6f =============================================== ^ • ( ld=ld= /fp08 uf]6f ================================= $%*

40. d[To' x'g] ;+Vof • g]kfnL ;]gfM -@ hgfxfO clN6Ro'8 l;sg]; / ! hgfeL/af6 n8]/_ • vDkf M ( hgf -^ hgf ;}lgssf/jfxLdf / # hgfcfTdxTof_

41. t:jL/df s]xLemnsx?

50. s'g} lh1f;f